Geothermal Energy | |
Quantification of the effect of gas–water–equilibria on carbonate precipitation | |
Research | |
Thomas Baumann1  Lilly Zacherl1  | |
[1] TUM School of Engineering and Design, Chair of Hydrogeology, Technical University of Munich, Arcisstr. 21, 80333, Munich, Germany; | |
关键词: Scalings; Geothermal; Degassing; PhreeqC; Lime carbonic acid equilibrium; | |
DOI : 10.1186/s40517-023-00256-4 | |
received in 2022-09-20, accepted in 2023-04-13, 发布年份 2023 | |
来源: Springer | |
【 摘 要 】
The expanding geothermal energy sector still faces performance issues due to scalings in pipes and surface level installations, which require elevated operation pressure levels and costly maintenance. For facilities in the North Alpine Foreland Basin, the precipitation of CaCO3\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\usepackage{amsmath}\usepackage{wasysym}\usepackage{amsfonts}\usepackage{amssymb}\usepackage{amsbsy}\usepackage{mathrsfs}\usepackage{upgreek}\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\begin{document}$${\hbox {CaCO}}_{3}$$\end{document} is the main problem which is a consequence of the disruption of the lime-carbonic acid equilibrium during production. The formation of gas bubbles plays a key role in the scaling process. This work presents experiments in a bubble column to quantify the effects of gas stripping on carbonate precipitation and an extension of PhreeqC to include kinetic exchange between a gas phase and water for the simulation of the experimental results. With the same hybrid model not only precipitation of CaCO3\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\usepackage{amsmath}\usepackage{wasysym}\usepackage{amsfonts}\usepackage{amssymb}\usepackage{amsbsy}\usepackage{mathrsfs}\usepackage{upgreek}\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\begin{document}$${\hbox {CaCO}}_{3}$$\end{document} but also the dissolution of scalings by the injection of CO2\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\usepackage{amsmath}\usepackage{wasysym}\usepackage{amsfonts}\usepackage{amssymb}\usepackage{amsbsy}\usepackage{mathrsfs}\usepackage{upgreek}\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\begin{document}$${\hbox {CO}}_{2}$$\end{document} could be quantified. The bubble column was filled with tap water and brine. By varying the ionic strength of the solution, a wider range of geothermal waters was covered. Air and CO2\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\usepackage{amsmath}\usepackage{wasysym}\usepackage{amsfonts}\usepackage{amssymb}\usepackage{amsbsy}\usepackage{mathrsfs}\usepackage{upgreek}\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\begin{document}$${\hbox {CO}}_{2}$$\end{document} were introduced at the bottom. The precipitates built on the column wall were analyzed with Raman spectroscopy: injecting air into tap water at low ionic strength led to the formation of aragonite with 59.8% of the precipitates remaining at the column wall and the rest as particles in dispersion. At moderate ionic strength the dominant polymorph was calcite and 81.5% of the crystals were attached to the wall. At high ionic strength precipitation was inhibited. The presence of crystallization nuclei reduced the time for precipitation, but not the amount of scalings formed. Injecting CO2\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\usepackage{amsmath}\usepackage{wasysym}\usepackage{amsfonts}\usepackage{amssymb}\usepackage{amsbsy}\usepackage{mathrsfs}\usepackage{upgreek}\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\begin{document}$${\hbox {CO}}_{2}$$\end{document} into the solution completely removed the scalings from the column wall. The model and its experimental backup lay the foundation for a process-based prediction of the scales (not only) in geothermal systems.
【 授权许可】
CC BY
© The Author(s) 2023
【 预 览 】
Files | Size | Format | View |
---|---|---|---|
RO202308151063721ZK.pdf | 2919KB | download | |
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq8.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
Fig. 2 | 685KB | Image | download |
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq72.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
MediaObjects/12888_2023_4839_MOESM1_ESM.docx | 47KB | Other | download |
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq182.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq245.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq359.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
Fig. 1 | 131KB | Image | download |
Fig. 2 | 836KB | Image | download |
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq498.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq757.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq818.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq116.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq117.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
40517_2023_256_Article_IEq4.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
40517_2023_256_Article_IEq5.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
40517_2023_256_Article_IEq11.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
MediaObjects/12888_2023_4796_MOESM1_ESM.docx | 14KB | Other | download |
MediaObjects/12888_2023_4796_MOESM2_ESM.docx | 15KB | Other | download |
40517_2023_256_Article_IEq14.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
MediaObjects/40249_2023_1063_MOESM6_ESM.jpg | 748KB | Other | download |
40517_2023_258_Article_IEq113.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
40517_2023_258_Article_IEq115.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
Fig. 1 | 92KB | Image | download |
40517_2023_258_Article_IEq119.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
40517_2023_258_Article_IEq121.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
40517_2023_258_Article_IEq122.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
Fig. 1 | 256KB | Image | download |
Fig. 1 | 584KB | Image | download |
40517_2023_258_Article_IEq125.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
40517_2023_258_Article_IEq127.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
40517_2023_258_Article_IEq129.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
40517_2023_258_Article_IEq131.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
40517_2023_258_Article_IEq133.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
40517_2023_258_Article_IEq135.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
40517_2023_258_Article_IEq137.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
MediaObjects/40249_2023_1063_MOESM8_ESM.docx | 62KB | Other | download |
Fig. 2 | 396KB | Image | download |
40517_2023_256_Article_IEq33.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
40517_2023_256_Article_IEq34.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
40517_2023_256_Article_IEq35.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
40517_2023_256_Article_IEq36.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
MediaObjects/12888_2023_4780_MOESM2_ESM.docx | 19KB | Other | download |
40517_2023_256_Article_IEq38.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
40517_2023_256_Article_IEq39.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
Fig. 4 | 961KB | Image | download |
MediaObjects/12888_2023_4885_MOESM1_ESM.docx | 25KB | Other | download |
MediaObjects/12888_2023_4885_MOESM2_ESM.doc | 48KB | Other | download |
Fig. 6 | 744KB | Image | download |
Fig. 2 | 237KB | Image | download |
Fig. 3 | 50KB | Image | download |
40517_2023_256_Article_IEq47.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
Fig. 1 | 252KB | Image | download |
MediaObjects/41408_2023_830_MOESM1_ESM.pdf | 1496KB | download | |
MediaObjects/12888_2023_4880_MOESM1_ESM.docx | 22KB | Other | download |
40517_2023_256_Article_IEq51.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
40517_2023_256_Article_IEq52.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
40517_2023_256_Article_IEq53.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
Fig. 3 | 380KB | Image | download |
40517_2023_256_Article_IEq55.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
Fig. 4 | 498KB | Image | download |
MediaObjects/12888_2023_4818_MOESM5_ESM.pdf | 946KB | download | |
40517_2023_256_Article_IEq59.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
40517_2023_256_Article_IEq60.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
Fig. 3 | 33KB | Image | download |
40517_2023_256_Article_IEq62.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
40517_2023_256_Article_IEq64.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
MediaObjects/41408_2023_845_MOESM2_ESM.doc | 25KB | Other | download |
Fig. 1 | 95KB | Image | download |
Fig. 2 | 208KB | Image | download |
Fig. 1 | 862KB | Image | download |
Fig. 7 | 166KB | Image | download |
Fig. 3 | 477KB | Image | download |
Fig. 8 | 125KB | Image | download |
Fig. 9 | 87KB | Image | download |
40517_2023_256_Article_IEq73.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
40517_2023_256_Article_IEq74.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
Fig. 10 | 117KB | Image | download |
40517_2023_256_Article_IEq76.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
40517_2023_256_Article_IEq77.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
40517_2023_256_Article_IEq78.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
40517_2023_256_Article_IEq79.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
Fig. 2 | 1152KB | Image | download |
40517_2023_256_Article_IEq81.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
Fig. 13 | 348KB | Image | download |
40517_2023_256_Article_IEq83.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
Fig. 4 | 772KB | Image | download |
40517_2023_256_Article_IEq85.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
40517_2023_256_Article_IEq86.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
40517_2023_256_Article_IEq87.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
MediaObjects/12888_2023_4637_MOESM1_ESM.docx | 27KB | Other | download |
MediaObjects/13690_2023_1097_MOESM1_ESM.pdf | 131KB | download | |
MediaObjects/12888_2023_4871_MOESM1_ESM.docx | 218KB | Other | download |
MediaObjects/41408_2023_841_MOESM1_ESM.pdf | 1957KB | download | |
Fig. 2 | 1123KB | Image | download |
MediaObjects/12888_2023_4637_MOESM2_ESM.docx | 18KB | Other | download |
40517_2023_256_Article_IEq98.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
40517_2023_256_Article_IEq99.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
Fig. 10 | 1125KB | Image | download |
40517_2023_256_Article_IEq101.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
40517_2023_256_Article_IEq102.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
40517_2023_256_Article_IEq103.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
Fig. 2 | 306KB | Image | download |
40517_2023_256_Article_IEq105.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
40517_2023_256_Article_IEq106.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
40517_2023_256_Article_IEq107.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
40517_2023_256_Article_IEq108.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
40517_2023_256_Article_IEq109.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
40517_2023_256_Article_IEq110.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
Fig. 1 | 370KB | Image | download |
Fig. 14 | 66KB | Image | download |
40517_2023_256_Article_IEq113.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
40517_2023_256_Article_IEq114.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
40517_2023_256_Article_IEq115.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
40517_2023_256_Article_IEq116.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
Fig. 17 | 310KB | Image | download |
40517_2023_256_Article_IEq118.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
40517_2023_256_Article_IEq119.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
40517_2023_256_Article_IEq120.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
40517_2023_256_Article_IEq121.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
Fig. 19 | 180KB | Image | download |
MediaObjects/41408_2023_851_MOESM1_ESM.docx | 101KB | Other | download |
Fig. 1 | 60KB | Image | download |
Fig. 20 | 420KB | Image | download |
MediaObjects/41408_2023_851_MOESM3_ESM.docx | 41KB | Other | download |
MediaObjects/41408_2023_851_MOESM4_ESM.pdf | 2778KB | download | |
40517_2023_256_Article_IEq128.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
40517_2023_256_Article_IEq129.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
Fig. 21 | 1903KB | Image | download |
679KB | Image | download | |
40517_2023_256_Article_IEq132.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
40517_2023_256_Article_IEq133.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
40517_2023_256_Article_IEq134.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
40517_2023_256_Article_IEq135.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
Fig. 1 | 158KB | Image | download |
435KB | Image | download | |
40517_2023_256_Article_IEq139.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
40517_2023_256_Article_IEq140.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
Fig. 1 | 211KB | Image | download |
40517_2023_256_Article_IEq142.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
Fig. 23 | 157KB | Image | download |
Fig. 2 | 156KB | Image | download |
MediaObjects/13690_2023_1081_MOESM1_ESM.docx | 16KB | Other | download |
40517_2023_256_Article_IEq146.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
Fig. 26 | 35KB | Image | download |
Fig. 27 | 51KB | Image | download |
Fig. 28 | 385KB | Image | download |
40517_2023_256_Article_IEq150.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
Fig. 4 | 110KB | Image | download |
40517_2023_256_Article_IEq152.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
Fig. 1 | 723KB | Image | download |
40517_2023_256_Article_IEq154.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
Fig. 31 | 34KB | Image | download |
Fig. 32 | 60KB | Image | download |
Fig. 33 | 166KB | Image | download |
Fig. 5 | 799KB | Image | download |
40517_2023_256_Article_IEq163.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
40517_2023_256_Article_IEq164.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
Fig. 35 | 51KB | Image | download |
Fig. 1 | 664KB | Image | download |
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq1.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
MediaObjects/40249_2023_1099_MOESM1_ESM.xlsx | 14KB | Other | download |
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq4.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq6.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq8.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq10.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq12.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq14.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq15.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq17.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq19.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
Fig. 1 | 2138KB | Image | download |
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq23.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq25.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
Fig. 4 | 83KB | Image | download |
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq29.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq31.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
Fig. 1 | 112KB | Image | download |
MediaObjects/12888_2023_4868_MOESM1_ESM.docx | 27KB | Other | download |
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq36.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq38.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq40.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq42.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq44.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq46.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq48.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq50.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq51.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
MediaObjects/12888_2023_4791_MOESM3_ESM.docx | 13KB | Other | download |
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq54.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq55.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq57.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
MediaObjects/12888_2023_4851_MOESM1_ESM.docx | 19KB | Other | download |
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq60.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
MediaObjects/12888_2023_4791_MOESM3_ESM.docx | 13KB | Other | download |
Fig. 1 | 803KB | Image | download |
40517_2023_256_Article_IEq203.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
40517_2023_256_Article_IEq204.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
40517_2023_256_Article_IEq1.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
Fig. 3 | 696KB | Image | download |
40517_2023_256_Article_IEq5.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
40517_2023_256_Article_IEq208.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
40517_2023_256_Article_IEq12.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
MediaObjects/12888_2023_4826_MOESM1_ESM.docx | 18KB | Other | download |
MediaObjects/12888_2023_4826_MOESM2_ESM.docx | 22KB | Other | download |
Fig. 1 | 55KB | Image | download |
Fig. 1 | 164KB | Image | download |
Fig. 3 | 64KB | Image | download |
Fig. 2 | 518KB | Image | download |
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq69.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
Fig. 1 | 107KB | Image | download |
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq72.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
12888_2023_4816_Article_IEq2.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
12888_2023_4816_Article_IEq4.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq78.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
12888_2023_4839_Article_IEq1.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
12888_2023_4839_Article_IEq2.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq83.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq85.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq87.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
Fig. 1 | 113KB | Image | download |
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq91.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq93.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
40517_2023_256_Article_IEq28.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq96.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq98.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq100.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq102.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq103.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq105.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
40517_2023_256_Article_IEq37.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq108.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq110.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq112.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq114.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq119.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
MediaObjects/12888_2023_4797_MOESM3_ESM.docx | 23KB | Other | download |
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq122.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq124.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq126.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq128.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq130.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq132.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
40517_2023_256_Article_IEq58.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq135.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq137.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq139.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq141.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
Fig. 1 | 424KB | Image | download |
MediaObjects/41408_2023_835_MOESM1_ESM.pdf | 1137KB | download | |
40517_2023_256_Article_IEq71.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
Fig. 7 | 177KB | Image | download |
Fig. 8 | 136KB | Image | download |
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq143.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq145.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq146.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq148.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
40517_2023_256_Article_IEq264.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
Fig. 13 | 238KB | Image | download |
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq152.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
40517_2023_256_Article_IEq75.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq155.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq157.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq159.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq161.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq163.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq165.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq166.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq168.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
Fig. 22 | 174KB | Image | download |
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq169.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
40517_2023_256_Article_IEq96.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq170.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq171.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq172.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq173.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq174.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq176.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq178.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq180.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq182.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq184.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
Fig. 2 | 2110KB | Image | download |
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq187.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq188.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq190.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq192.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq194.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq196.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq198.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
Fig. 1 | 287KB | Image | download |
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq202.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
Fig. 2 | 174KB | Image | download |
Fig. 3 | 183KB | Image | download |
Fig. 1 | 2859KB | Image | download |
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq210.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq212.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq214.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq216.gif | 1KB | Image | download |
Fig. 3 | 185KB | Image | download |
【 图 表 】
Fig. 3
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq216.gif
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq214.gif
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq212.gif
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq210.gif
Fig. 1
Fig. 3
Fig. 2
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq202.gif
Fig. 1
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq198.gif
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq196.gif
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq194.gif
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq192.gif
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq190.gif
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq188.gif
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq187.gif
Fig. 2
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq184.gif
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq182.gif
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq180.gif
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq178.gif
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq176.gif
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq174.gif
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq173.gif
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq172.gif
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq171.gif
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq170.gif
40517_2023_256_Article_IEq96.gif
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq169.gif
Fig. 22
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq168.gif
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq166.gif
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq165.gif
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq163.gif
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq161.gif
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq159.gif
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq157.gif
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq155.gif
40517_2023_256_Article_IEq75.gif
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq152.gif
Fig. 13
40517_2023_256_Article_IEq264.gif
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq148.gif
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq146.gif
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq145.gif
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq143.gif
Fig. 8
Fig. 7
40517_2023_256_Article_IEq71.gif
Fig. 1
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq141.gif
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq139.gif
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq137.gif
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq135.gif
40517_2023_256_Article_IEq58.gif
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq132.gif
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq130.gif
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq128.gif
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq126.gif
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq124.gif
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq122.gif
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq119.gif
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq114.gif
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq112.gif
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq110.gif
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq108.gif
40517_2023_256_Article_IEq37.gif
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq105.gif
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq103.gif
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq102.gif
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq100.gif
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq98.gif
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq96.gif
40517_2023_256_Article_IEq28.gif
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq93.gif
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq91.gif
Fig. 1
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq87.gif
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq85.gif
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq83.gif
12888_2023_4839_Article_IEq2.gif
12888_2023_4839_Article_IEq1.gif
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq78.gif
12888_2023_4816_Article_IEq4.gif
12888_2023_4816_Article_IEq2.gif
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq72.gif
Fig. 1
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq69.gif
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 1
Fig. 1
40517_2023_256_Article_IEq12.gif
40517_2023_256_Article_IEq208.gif
40517_2023_256_Article_IEq5.gif
Fig. 3
40517_2023_256_Article_IEq1.gif
40517_2023_256_Article_IEq204.gif
40517_2023_256_Article_IEq203.gif
Fig. 1
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq60.gif
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq57.gif
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq55.gif
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq54.gif
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq51.gif
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq50.gif
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq48.gif
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq46.gif
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq44.gif
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq42.gif
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq40.gif
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq38.gif
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq36.gif
Fig. 1
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq31.gif
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq29.gif
Fig. 4
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq25.gif
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq23.gif
Fig. 1
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq19.gif
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq17.gif
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq15.gif
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq14.gif
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq12.gif
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq10.gif
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq8.gif
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq6.gif
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq4.gif
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq1.gif
Fig. 1
Fig. 35
40517_2023_256_Article_IEq164.gif
40517_2023_256_Article_IEq163.gif
Fig. 5
Fig. 33
Fig. 32
Fig. 31
40517_2023_256_Article_IEq154.gif
Fig. 1
40517_2023_256_Article_IEq152.gif
Fig. 4
40517_2023_256_Article_IEq150.gif
Fig. 28
Fig. 27
Fig. 26
40517_2023_256_Article_IEq146.gif
Fig. 2
Fig. 23
40517_2023_256_Article_IEq142.gif
Fig. 1
40517_2023_256_Article_IEq140.gif
40517_2023_256_Article_IEq139.gif
Fig. 1
40517_2023_256_Article_IEq135.gif
40517_2023_256_Article_IEq134.gif
40517_2023_256_Article_IEq133.gif
40517_2023_256_Article_IEq132.gif
Fig. 21
40517_2023_256_Article_IEq129.gif
40517_2023_256_Article_IEq128.gif
Fig. 20
Fig. 1
Fig. 19
40517_2023_256_Article_IEq121.gif
40517_2023_256_Article_IEq120.gif
40517_2023_256_Article_IEq119.gif
40517_2023_256_Article_IEq118.gif
Fig. 17
40517_2023_256_Article_IEq116.gif
40517_2023_256_Article_IEq115.gif
40517_2023_256_Article_IEq114.gif
40517_2023_256_Article_IEq113.gif
Fig. 14
Fig. 1
40517_2023_256_Article_IEq110.gif
40517_2023_256_Article_IEq109.gif
40517_2023_256_Article_IEq108.gif
40517_2023_256_Article_IEq107.gif
40517_2023_256_Article_IEq106.gif
40517_2023_256_Article_IEq105.gif
Fig. 2
40517_2023_256_Article_IEq103.gif
40517_2023_256_Article_IEq102.gif
40517_2023_256_Article_IEq101.gif
Fig. 10
40517_2023_256_Article_IEq99.gif
40517_2023_256_Article_IEq98.gif
Fig. 2
40517_2023_256_Article_IEq87.gif
40517_2023_256_Article_IEq86.gif
40517_2023_256_Article_IEq85.gif
Fig. 4
40517_2023_256_Article_IEq83.gif
Fig. 13
40517_2023_256_Article_IEq81.gif
Fig. 2
40517_2023_256_Article_IEq79.gif
40517_2023_256_Article_IEq78.gif
40517_2023_256_Article_IEq77.gif
40517_2023_256_Article_IEq76.gif
Fig. 10
40517_2023_256_Article_IEq74.gif
40517_2023_256_Article_IEq73.gif
Fig. 9
Fig. 8
Fig. 3
Fig. 7
Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 1
40517_2023_256_Article_IEq64.gif
40517_2023_256_Article_IEq62.gif
Fig. 3
40517_2023_256_Article_IEq60.gif
40517_2023_256_Article_IEq59.gif
Fig. 4
40517_2023_256_Article_IEq55.gif
Fig. 3
40517_2023_256_Article_IEq53.gif
40517_2023_256_Article_IEq52.gif
40517_2023_256_Article_IEq51.gif
Fig. 1
40517_2023_256_Article_IEq47.gif
Fig. 3
Fig. 2
Fig. 6
Fig. 4
40517_2023_256_Article_IEq39.gif
40517_2023_256_Article_IEq38.gif
40517_2023_256_Article_IEq36.gif
40517_2023_256_Article_IEq35.gif
40517_2023_256_Article_IEq34.gif
40517_2023_256_Article_IEq33.gif
Fig. 2
40517_2023_258_Article_IEq137.gif
40517_2023_258_Article_IEq135.gif
40517_2023_258_Article_IEq133.gif
40517_2023_258_Article_IEq131.gif
40517_2023_258_Article_IEq129.gif
40517_2023_258_Article_IEq127.gif
40517_2023_258_Article_IEq125.gif
Fig. 1
Fig. 1
40517_2023_258_Article_IEq122.gif
40517_2023_258_Article_IEq121.gif
40517_2023_258_Article_IEq119.gif
Fig. 1
40517_2023_258_Article_IEq115.gif
40517_2023_258_Article_IEq113.gif
40517_2023_256_Article_IEq14.gif
40517_2023_256_Article_IEq11.gif
40517_2023_256_Article_IEq5.gif
40517_2023_256_Article_IEq4.gif
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq117.gif
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq116.gif
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq818.gif
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq757.gif
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq498.gif
Fig. 2
Fig. 1
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq359.gif
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq245.gif
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq182.gif
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq72.gif
Fig. 2
41116_2023_36_Article_IEq8.gif
【 参考文献 】
- [1]
- [2]
- [3]
- [4]
- [5]
- [6]
- [7]
- [8]
- [9]
- [10]
- [11]
- [12]
- [13]
- [14]
- [15]
- [16]
- [17]
- [18]
- [19]
- [20]
- [21]
- [22]
- [23]
- [24]
- [25]
- [26]
- [27]
- [28]
- [29]
- [30]
- [31]
- [32]
- [33]
- [34]
- [35]