Parkinson's disease (PD) is a hypokinetic movement disorder resulting from theprogressive neurodegeneration of the dopaminergic nigrostriatal system in the brain andthe resulting imbalance between dopamine and acetylcholine in the basal ganglia motorcircuitry. Although drug-based therapy approaches have shown dramatic symptomaticimprovement in patients, they do not halt the progressive nature of the disease and theirlong-term use is associated with distressing adverse side effects. Consequently, severalstudies have aimed at discovering effective non-pharmacological strategies to reduce orto eliminate the need for drugs and possibly to halt or to reverse the neurodegenerativeprocess in PD. Surgical deep brain stimulation, neurotrophic factor delivery, gene therapyand cell replacement therapy are potential candidates. Here, we review the latestadvancements in the aforementioned therapeutic strategies paying special attention toregenerative stem cell- (SC)-based approaches in combating PD. Although intracerebrallytransplanted SC-derived cells can replace degenerated neurons in PD andsimultaneously secrete neurotrophic factors that can partly protect the viable ones,potential tumorigenicity and low survivability of these cells hinder the advancement ofthis novel therapeutic approach. Hence, more investigations are needed to resolve theassociated safety and efficacy concerns in order to make SC-based therapy a feasibletherapy for PD patients.
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Approaches in the treatment of Parkinson's disease : a focus on stem cell-based therapies.
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