This report, funded by the Trust Fundfor Environmentally and Socially Sustainable Development(TFESSD), seeks to identify labor market inequalities in theten countries outlined above, to relate these inequalitiesto other forms of social exclusion, and to propose areas forpolicy action aimed at boosting labor market participation.The remainder of the report is structured as follows.Chapter two describes the role that jobs play in fosteringgood living standards, productivity and social cohesion, andcontextualizes the discussion on jobs and participation inthe ten countries. Chapter three zooms in, highlightinginequalities in labor force participation across demographicgroups. Chapter four shifts the focus to the factorsexplaining unequal labor force participation across groups,and discusses a policy agenda for these ten countries,drawing on experiences from the rest of the world. Chapterfive concludes.