A shrinking working-age population willbe the Russian Federations biggest demographic challenge incoming decades. With workers increasingly scarce,sustainable future economic development depends on Russiasability to bring into the labor force currentlyunder-utilized groups, such as young mothers and olderpeople, and to maximize the productivity of every worker.This study assesses the projected dynamics of theworking-age population and how changes in labor forceparticipation may affect the future workforce. It alsoassesses the potential contribution of individual factors toeither facilitate or deter the participation of olderRussians in the labor force. A review of disincentives forlabor force participation in current social insuranceprograms and labor institutions is followed by policyproposals to help prolong the working lives of older adults.