Serum Cardiac and Skeletal Muscle Marker Changes in Repetitive Breath-hold Diving

Sports Medicine - Open

Cesare Lori¹  Nicola Sponsiello¹  Valentina Lancellotti²  Alessandro Marroni³  Andrea Brizzolari³  Alessandra Barassi⁴  Gerardo Bosco⁵  Danilo Cialoni⁶ 

[1] Apnea Academy Research, Padua, Italy;Cardiothoracic and Vascular Department, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana (AOUP), Pisa, Italy;DAN Europe Research Division, Contrada Padune 11, 64026, Roseto degli Abruzzi, Italy;Department of Health Science, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy;Environmental Physiology and Medicine Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy;Environmental Physiology and Medicine Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy;DAN Europe Research Division, Contrada Padune 11, 64026, Roseto degli Abruzzi, Italy;Apnea Academy Research, Padua, Italy;

关键词: Breath-hold diving;    Creatine kinase;    Lactate dehydrogenase;    Troponin;    Physical activity;   

DOI  :  10.1186/s40798-021-00349-z

来源: Springer

【 摘 要 】

BackgroundBreath-hold diving (BH-diving) is associated to extreme environmental conditions, prolonged physical activity, and complex adaptation mechanisms to supply enough O2 to vital organs. Consequently, one of the biggest effects could be an increased exercise-induced muscle fatigue, in both skeletal and cardiac muscles that can induce an increase of muscles injury markers including creatine kinase (CK), aspartate transferase (AST), and alanine transferase (ALT) when concerning the skeletal muscle, cardiac creatine kinase isoenzyme (CK-MBm) and cardiac troponin I (cTnI) when concerning the cardiac muscle, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) as index of muscle stress. The aim of this study is to investigate serum cardiac and skeletal muscle markers before and after a BH-diving training session.ResultsWe found statistically significant increases of CK (T0: 136.1% p < 0.0001; T1: 138.5%, p < 0.0001), CK-MBm (T0: 145.1%, p < 0.0001; T1: 153.2%, p < 0.0001) LDH (T0: 110.4%, p < 0.0003; T1: 110.1%, p < 0.0013) in both T0 and T1 blood samples, as compared to basal value. AST showed a statistically significant increase only at T0 (106.8%, p < 0.0007) while ALT did not exhibit statistically significant changes. We did not find any changes in cTnI levels between pre-dive and post-dive samples.ConclusionsOur data seem to indicate that during a BH-diving training session, skeletal and cardiac muscles react to physical effort releasing stress-related substances. Although the peculiar nature of BH-diving makes it difficult to understand if our results are related only to exercise induced muscle adaptation or whether acute hypoxia or a response to environmental changes (pressure) play a role to explain the observed changes, further studies are needed to better understand if these biomarker changes are linked to physical exercise or to acute hypoxia, or if both conditions play a role.

【 授权许可】

CC BY