Fermented liquid feed for pigs: an ancient technique for the future

Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology

Stefaan De Smet²  Jeroen Degroote¹  Joris Michiels¹  Joris AM Missotten² 

[1] Department of Applied Biosciences, Ghent University, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium;Laboratory for Animal Nutrition and Animal Product Quality, Department of Animal Production, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium

关键词: Yeasts;    Probiotics;    Pigs;    Lactobacillus spp;    Fermented liquid feed;   

Others  :  1139211
DOI  :  10.1186/2049-1891-6-4

 received in 2014-09-15, accepted in 2015-01-12,  发布年份 2015

【 摘 要 】

Fermented liquid feed is feed that has been mixed with water at a ratio ranging from 1:1.5 to 1:4. By mixing with water, lactic acid bacteria and yeasts naturally occurring in the feed proliferate and produce lactic acid, acetic acid and ethanol which reduces the pH of the mixture. This reduction in pH inhibits pathogenic organisms from developing in the feed. In addition, when this low pH mixture is fed, it reduces the pH in the stomach of pigs and prevents the proliferation of pathogens such as coliforms and Salmonella in the gastrointestinal tract. For piglets, the use of fermented liquid feed offers the possibility of simultaneously providing feed and water, which may facilitate an easier transition from sow’s milk to solid feed. Secondly, offering properly produced fermented liquid feed may strengthen the role of the stomach as the first line of defense against possible pathogenic infections by lowering the pH in the gastrointestinal tract thereby helping to exclude enteropathogens. Finally, feeding fermented liquid feed to pigs has been shown to improve the performance of suckling pigs, weaner pigs and growing-finishing pigs. In this review, current knowledge about the use of fermented liquid feed in pig diets will be discussed. This will include a discussion of the desirable properties of fermented liquid feed and factors affecting fermentation. In addition, advantages and disadvantages of fermented liquid feed will be discussed including its effects on gastrointestinal health, intestinal pH and the types of bacteria found in the gastrointestinal tract as well as the effects of fermented liquid feeds on pig performance.

【 授权许可】

   
2015 Missotten et al.; licensee BioMed Central.

【 图 表 】

Figure 1.

【 参考文献 】

• [1]Missotten JAM, Michiels J, Ovyn A, De Smet S, Dierick NA: Fermented liquid feed for pigs. Arch Anim Nutr 2010, 64:437-66.
• [2]Canibe N, Jensen BB: Fermented liquid feed – microbial and nutritional aspects and impact on enteric diseases in pigs. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2012, 173:17-40.
• [3]Van Winsen RL, Urlings BAP, Lipman LJA, Snijders JMA, Keuzenkamp D, Verheijden JHM, et al.: Effect of fermented feed on the microbial population of the gastrointestinal tracts of pigs. Appl Environ Microbiol 2001, 67:3071-6.
• [4]Plumed-Ferrer C, Von Wright A: Fermented pig liquid feed: nutritional, safety and regulatory aspects. J Appl Microbiol 2009, 106:351-68.
• [5]Kil DY, Stein HH: Invited review: management and feeding strategies to ameliorate the impact of removing antibiotic growth promotors from diets fed to weanling pigs. Can J Anim Sci 2010, 90:447-60.
• [6]Canibe N, Jensen BB: Fermented and non-fermented liquid feed to growing pigs: effect on aspects of gastrointestinal ecology and growth performance. J Anim Sci 2003, 81:2019-31.
• [7]Brooks PH: Fermented liquid feed for pigs. CAB Rev 2008, 3, n° 073:18.
• [8]Brooks PH, Beal JD, Niven S, Demečková V: Liquid feeding of pigs II. Potential for improving pig health and food safety. Animal Science Papers and Reports. Presented at the Conference: Effect of Genetic and Non-genetic Factors on Carcass and Meat Quality of Pigs; 24–25 April 2003; Siedlce, Poland, vol 21 (Suppl 1) 2003, 23-39.
• [9]Niven SJ, Beal JD, Brooks PH: The effect of controlled fermentation on the fate of synthetic lysine in liquid diets for pigs. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2006, 129:304-15.
• [10]Pedersen AO, Maribo H, Jensen BB, Hansen ID, Aaslyng MD: Fermented grain in liquid feed for heavy pigs. In Report No. 547. Copenhagen: The National Committee for Pig Production, Danish Bacon and Meat Council; 2002.
• [11]Scholten RHJ, van der Peet-Schwering CMC, den Hartog LA, Balk M, Schrama JW, Verstegen WMA: Fermented wheat in liquid diets: effects on gastrointestinal characteristics in weanling piglets. J Anim Sci 2002, 80:1179-86.
• [12]Moran CA, Scholten RHJ, Tricarico JM, Brooks PH, Verstegen MWA: Fermentation of wheat: effects of back slopping different proportions of pre-fermented wheat on the microbial and chemical composition. Arch Anim Nutr 2006, 60:158-69.
• [13]Canibe N, Højberg O, Badsberg JH, Jensen BB: Effect of feeding fermented liquid feed and fermented grain on gastrointestinal ecology and growth performance in piglets. J Anim Sci 2007, 85:2959-71.
• [14]Canibe N, Jensen BB: Fermented liquid feed and fermented grain to piglets- Effect on gastrointestinal ecology and growth performance. Livest Sci 2007, 108:198-201.
• [15]Van Winsen RL, Lipman LJA, Biesterveld S, Urlings BAP, Snijders JMA, Van Knapen F: Mechanism of Salmonella reduction in fermented pig feed. J Sci Food Agr 2000, 81:342-6.
• [16]Brooks PH: Liquid feeding as a means to promote pig health. London Swine Conference - Maintaining Your Competitive Edge, 9–10 April 2003; London 2003, 83-103.
• [17]Beal JD, Niven SJ, Brooks PH, Gill BP: Variation in short chain fatty acid and ethanol concentration resulting from the natural fermentation of wheat and barley for inclusion in liquid diets for pigs. J Sci Food Agr 2005, 85:433-40.
• [18]Beal JD, Niven SJ, Campbell A, Brooks PH: The effect of copper on the death rate of Salmonellla typhimurium DT104: 30 in food substrates acidified with organic acids. Lett Appl Microbiol 2003, 38:8-12.
• [19]Jensen BB, Mikkelsen LL: Feeding liquid diets to pigs. In Recent Advances in Animal Nutrition. Edited by Garnsworthy PC, Wiseman J. Nottingham, UK: Nottingham University Press; 1998:107-26.
• [20]Missotten JAM, Michiels J, Goris J, Herman L, Heyndrickx M, De Smet S, et al.: Screening of two probiotic products for use in fermented liquid feed. Livest Sci 2007, 108:232-5.
• [21]Missotten JAM, Goris J, Michiels J, Van Coillie E, Herman L, De Smet S, et al.: Screening of isolated lactic acid bacteria as potential beneficial strains for fermented liquid pig feed production. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2009, 150:122-38.
• [22]Salovaara H: Lactic acid bacteria in cereal-based products. In Lactic Acid Bacteria: Microbiology and Functional Aspects. 2nd edition. Edited by Salminen S, Von Wright A. New York, US: Marcel Dekker; 1998:115-37.
• [23]Nout MJR, Rombouts FM, Havelaar A: Effects of accelerated natural lactic fermentation of infant food ingredients on some pathogenic microorganisms. Int J Food Microbiol 1989, 8:351-61.
• [24]Plumed-Ferrer C, Kivelä I, Hyvönen P, Von Wright A: Survival, growth and persistence under farm conditions of a Lactobacillus plantarum strain inoculated into liquid pig feed. J Appl Microbiol 2005, 99:851-8.
• [25]Niba AT, Beal JD, Kudi AC, Brooks PH: Potential of bacterial fermentation as a biosafe method of improving feeds for pigs and poultry. Afr J Biotechnol 2009, 8:1758-67.
• [26]Choct M, Selby EAD, Cadogan DJ, Campbell RG: Effect of liquid feed ratio, steeping time, and enzyme supplementation on the performance of weaner pigs. Aust J Agr Res 2004, 55:247-52.
• [27]Plumed-Ferrer C, Llopis M, Hyvönen P, Von Wright A: Characterization of the microbial community and its changes in liquid piglet feed formulations. J Sci Food Agr 2004, 84:1315-8.
• [28]Pedersen C, Johnsson H, Lindberg JE, Roos S: Microbiological characterization of wet wheat distillers’ grain, with focus on isolation of Lactobacilli with potential as probiotics. Appl Environ Microbiol 2004, 70:1522-7.
• [29]Gori K, Bjørklund MK, Canibe N, Pedersen AØ, Jespersen L: Occurrence and identification of yeast species in fermented liquid feed for piglets. Microb Ecol 2011, 61:146-53.
• [30]Hong TTT, Passoth V, Lindberg JE: Bacterial diversity at different sites of the digestive tract of weaned piglets fed liquid diets. Asian Austral J Anim 2011, 24:834-43.
• [31]Olstorpe M, Lyberg K, Lindberg JE, Schnürer J, Passoth V: Population diversity of yeasts and lactic acid bacteria in pig feed fermented with whey, wet wheat distillers’ grains, or water at different temperatures. Appl Environ Microbiol 2008, 74:1696-703.
• [32]Geary TM, Brooks PH, Beal JD, Campbell A: Effect on weaner pig performance and diet microbiology of feeding a liquid diet acidified to pH 4 with either lactic acid or through fermentation with Pediococcus acidilactici. J Sci Food Agr 1999, 79:633-40.
• [33]Olstorpe M, Axelsson L, Schnürner J, Passoth V: Effect of starter culture inoculation on feed hygiene and microbial population development in fermented pig feed composed of cereal grain mix with wet wheat distillers’ grain. J Appl Microbiol 2010, 108:129-38.
• [34]Mul AJ, Perry FG: The role of fructo-oligosaccharides in animal nutrition. In Recent Advances in Animal Nutrition. Edited by Garnsworthy PC, Cole DJA. Nottingham, UK: Nottingham University Press; 1994:54-79.
• [35]Moran CA: Development and benefits of liquid diets for newly weaned pigs. In PhD Thesis. Plymouth, England: University of Plymouth; 2001.
• [36]Plumed-Ferrer C, Von Wright A: Antimicrobial activity of weak acids in liquid feed fermentations, and its effects on yeasts and lactic acid bacteria. J Sci Food Agr 2011, 91:1032-40.
• [37]Merrell DS, Camilli A: Acid tolerance of gastrointestinal pathogens. Curr Opin Microbiol 2002, 5:51-5.
• [38]Beal JD, Niven SJ, Campbell A, Brooks PH: The effect of temperature on the growth and persistence of Salmonella in fermented liquid pig feed. Int J Food Microbiol 2002, 79:99-104.
• [39]Brooks PH, Beal JD, Niven S: Liquid feeding of pigs I. Potential for reducing environmental impact and for improving productivity. Animal Science Papers and Reports. Presented at the Conference: Effect of Genetic and Non-genetic Factors on Carcass and Meat Quality of Pigs; 24–25 April 2003; Siedlce, Poland, vol 21(Suppl 1) 2003, 7-22.
• [40]Roth FX, Kirchgessner M: Organic acids as feed additive for young pigs: Nutritional and gastrointestinal effects. J Anim Feed Sci 1998, 7:25-33.
• [41]Canibe N, Pedersen AØ, Jensen BB: Impact of acetic acid concentration of fermented liquid feed on growth performance of piglets. Livest Sci 2010, 133:117-9.
• [42]Tielen MJM, Van Schie FW, Van der Wolf PJ, Elbers ARW, Koppens JMCC, Wolbers WB: Risk factors and control measures for subclinical salmonella infection in pig herds. In Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Epidemiology and Control of Salmonella in Pork. Edited by Bech-Nielsen S, Nielsen JP. Copenhagen, Denmark: Federation of Danish Pig Producers and Slaughterhouses; 1997:32-5.
• [43]Lo Fo Wong DMA, Dahl J, Wingstrand A, Van der Wolf PJ, Von Altrock A, Thorberg BM: A European longitudinal study in Salmonella seronegative and seropositive-classified finishing pig herds. Epidemiol Infect 2004, 132:903-14.
• [44]Van der Wolf PJ, Bongers JH, Elbers ARW, Franssen FMMC, Hunneman WA, Van Exsel ACA, et al.: Salmonella infections in finishing pigs in the Netherlands: bacteriological herd prevalence, serogroup and antibiotic resistance of isolates and risk factors for infection. Vet Microbiol 1999, 67:263-75.
• [45]Van der Wolf PJ, Wolbers WB, Elbers ARW, Van der Heijden HMJF, Koppen JMCC, Hunneman WA, et al.: Herd level husbandry factors associated with the serological Salmonella prevalence in finishing pig herds in the Netherlands. Vet Microbiol 2001, 78:205-19.
• [46]Lallès J-P, Bosi P, Smidt H, Stokes CR: Weaning – a challenge to gut physiologists. Livest Sci 2007, 108:82-93.
• [47]Easter RA, Cole DJA, Haresign W, Garnsworthy PC: Acidification of diets for pigs. In Recent Developments in Pig Nutrition 2. Nottingham, UK: Nottingham University Press; 1993:256-66.
• [48]Partridge GG, Gill BP, Garnsworthy PC, Cole DJA: New approaches with pig weaner diets. In Recent Advances in Animal Nutrition. Nottingham, UK: Nottingham University Press; 1993:221-48.
• [49]Radecki SV, Juhl MR, Miller ER: Fumaric and citric acids as fed additives in starter pig diets: effect on performance and nutrition balance. J Anim Sci 1988, 66:2598-605.
• [50]Mikkelsen LL, Jensen BB: Performance and microbial activity in the gastrointestinal tract of piglets fed fermented liquid feed at weaning. J Anim Feed Sci 1998, 7:211-5.
• [51]Mikkelsen LL, Jensen BB: Effect of fermented liquid feed on the activity and composition of the microbiota in the gut of pigs. Pig News Inform 2000, 21(Suppl N):59-66.
• [52]Konstantinov SR, Awati AA, Williams BA, Miller BG, Jones P, Stokes CR, et al.: Post-natal development of the porcine microbiota composition and activities. Environ Microbiol 2006, 8:1191-9.
• [53]Kenny M, Smidt H, Mengheri E, Miller B: Probiotics – Do they have a role in the pig industry. Animal 2011, 5:462-70.
• [54]Demečková V, Kelly D, Coutts AGP, Brooks PH, Campbell A: The effect of fermented liquid feeding on the faecal microbiology and colostrum quality of farrowing sows. Int J Food Microbiol 2002, 79:85-97.
• [55]Russell P, Geary T, Brooks P, Campbell A: Performance, water use and effluent output of weaner pigs fed ad libitum with either dry pellets or liquid feed and the role of microbial activity in the liquid feed. J Sci Food Agr 1996, 72:8-16.
• [56]Brooks PH, Tsourgiannis CA: Factors affecting the voluntary feed intake of the weaned pig. In Weaning the Pig, Concepts and Consequences. Edited by Pluske JR, Le Dividich J, Verstegen MWA. Wageningen, The Netherlands: Wageningen Academic Publishers; 2003:81-116.
• [57]Barber J: The rationalisation of drinking water supplies for pig housing. In PhD Thesis. Plymouth, England: Polytechnic South West; 1992.
• [58]Geary TM, Brooks PH, Morgan DT, Campbell A, Russell PJ: Performance of weaner pigs fed ad libitum with liquid feed at different dry matter concentrations. J Sci Food Agr 1996, 72:17-24.
• [59]Yang TS, Howard BE, McFarlane WV: Effects of food on drinking behaviour of growing pigs. Appl Anim Ethol 1981, 7:259-70.
• [60]Kjeldsen H: Practical experience with production and slaughter of entire male pigs. INRA, Paris, France, Les Colques NO 60137-44.
• [61]Pedersen C, Stein HH: Effects of liquid and fermented liquid feeding on energy, dry matter, protein and phosphorus digestibility by growing pigs. Livest Sci 2010, 134:59-61.
• [62]Jørgensen H, Sholly D, Pedersen AØ, Canibe N, Bach Knudsen KE: Fermentation of cereals – Influence on digestibility of nutrients in growing pigs. Livest Sci 2010, 134:56-8.
• [63]Bruininx EMAM, Binnendijk GP, Zandstra T, Heetkamp MJW, van der Peet-Schwering CMC, Gerrits WJJ: Performance and energy metabolism in restrictively fed weanling pigs are not affected by feed in either fermented cereals or their end-products. J Anim Phys Anim Nutr 2010, 94(Suppl E):355-65.
• [64]Cho JH, Zhang ZF, Kim IH: Effects of fermented grains as raw cereal substitutes on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood profiles, and fecal noxious gas emission in growing pigs. Livest Sci 2013, 154:131-6.
• [65]Brooks PH: The potential of liquid feeding systems. In Concepts in Pig Science, The 1st Annual Turtle Lake Pig Science Conference Edited by Lyons TP, Cole DJA. 1999, 81-98.
• [66]Hong TTT, Lindberg JE: Effect of cooking and fermentation of a pig diet on gut environment and digestibility in growing pigs. Livest Sci 2007, 109:135-7.
• [67]Lyberg K, Lundh T, Pedersen C, Lindberg JE: Influence of soaking, fermentation and phytase supplementation on nutrient digestibility in pigs offered a grower diet based on wheat and barley. Anim Sci 2006, 82:853-8.
• [68]Chiang G, Lu WQ, Pioa XS, Hu JK, Gong LM, Thacker PA: Effects of feeding solid-state fermented rapeseed meal on performance, nutrient digestibility, and intestinal morphology of broiler chickens. Asian Austral J Anim 2010, 23:263-71.
• [69]Shimelis EA, Rakshit SK: Influence of natural and controlled fermentations on alpha-galactosides, anti-nutrients and protein digestibility of beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Int J Food Sci Technol 2008, 43:658-65.
• [70]Egounlety M, Aworh OC: Effect of soaking, dehulling, cooking and fermentation with Rhizopus oligosporus on the oligosaccharides, trypsin inhibitor, phytic acid and tannins of soybean (Glycine max Merr.), cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) and groundbean (Macrotyloma geocarpa Harms). J Food Eng 2003, 56:249-54.
• [71]Dierick NA, Vervaeke IJ, Decuypere JA, Henderickx HK: Influence of the gut flora and of some growth-promoting feed additives on nitrogen metabolism in pigs. I: Studies in vitro. Livest Prod Sci 1986, 14:161-76.
• [72]Dierick NA, Vervaeke IJ, Decuypere JA, Henderickx HK: Influence of the gut flora and of some growth-promoting feed additives on nitrogen metabolism in pigs. II: Studies in vivo. Livest Prod Sci 1986, 14:177-93.