Do mangrove forest restoration or rehabilitation activities return biodiversity to pre-impact levels?

Environmental Evidence

Andrew T Knight¹  Georgina M Mace³  Caroline Howe³  Dominic A Andradi-Brown² 

[1] Department of Botany, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, P.O. Box 77000, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa;Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Road, Ascot, Berkshire SL5 7PY, UK;Centre for Biodiversity and Environment Research, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK

关键词: Ecosystem services;    Biodiversity;    Rehabilitation;    Restoration;    Tropical forest;    Mangroves;   

Others  :  801198
DOI  :  10.1186/2047-2382-2-20

 received in 2013-06-19, accepted in 2013-09-17,  发布年份 2013

【 摘 要 】

Background

Mangrove forest restoration and rehabilitation programs are increasingly undertaken to re-establish ecosystem services in the context of community-based biodiversity conservation. Restoration is returning a habitat to the most natural condition, whereas rehabilitation often focuses on optimising ecosystem services alongside biodiversity. With many different restoration and rehabilitation objectives and techniques existing, it is difficult to assess the general effectiveness of restoration and rehabilitation on biodiversity and ecosystem services. This systematic review protocol presents a methodology that will be used to assess the impacts of mangrove forest restoration and rehabilitation on biodiversity and provisioning ecosystem services in a global context.

Methods

This review will assess studies that have undertaken biodiversity surveys of restored and rehabilitated mangrove forests by comparing them against suitable mature reference mangrove forests within the same region, or surveys prior to degradation of the forest. This review will investigate how the age and initial tree diversity of a restoration or rehabilitation activities determine the effectiveness of these initiatives. Taxa of commercial value to local communities will be assessed to identify whether rehabilitation for optimal ecosystem service provision is likely to conflict with the full restoration of mangrove forests.

【 授权许可】

   
2013 Andradi-Brown et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

【 参考文献 】

• [1]Hogarth P: The biology of mangroves and seagrasses. 2nd edition. New York: Oxford University Press; 2007.
• [2]Barbier EB, Hacker SD, Kennedy C, Koch EW, Stier AC, Silliman BR: The value of estuarine and coastal ecosystem services. Ecol Monogr 2011, 81:169-193.
• [3]Vo QT, Kuenzer C, Vo QM, Moder F, Oppelt N: Review of valuation methods for mangrove ecosystem services. Ecol Indic 2012, 23:431-446.
• [4]Demopoulos AWJ, Cormier N, Ewel KC, Fry B: Use of multiple chemical tracers to define habitat use of Indo-Pacific mangrove crab, Scylla serrata (Decapoda: Portunidae). Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 2008, 31:371-381.
• [5]Mumby PJ, Hastings A: The impact of ecosystem connectivity on coral reef resilience. J Appl Ecol 2008, 45:854-862.
• [6]Duke NC, Meynecke JO, Dittmann S, Ellison AM, Anger K, Berger U, Cannicci S, Diele K, Ewel KC, Field CD, Koedam N, Lee SY, Marchand C, Nordhaus I, Dahdouh-Guebas F: A world without mangroves? Science 2007, 317:41-42.
• [7]Bosire JO, Dahdouh-Guebas F, Walton M, Crona BI, Lewis RR, Field C, Kairo JG, Koedam N: Functionality of restored mangroves: a review. Aquat Bot 2008, 89:251-259.
• [8]Valiela I, Bowen JL, York JK: Mangrove forests: One of the World’s threatened major tropical environments. Bioscience 2001, 51:807.
• [9]Alongi DM: Present state and future of the world’s mangrove forests. Environ Conserv 2002, 29:331-349.
• [10]Primavera JH: Socio-economic impacts of shrimp culture. Aquac Research 1997, 28:815-827.
• [11]Gunawardena M, Rowan JS: Economic valuation of a mangrove ecosystem threatened by shrimp aquaculture in Sri Lanka. Environ Manage 2005, 36:535-550.
• [12]Warren-Rhodes K, Schwarz A-M, Boyle LN, Albert J, Agalo SS, Warren R, Bana A, Paul C, Kodosiku R, Bosma W, Yee D, Rönnbäck P, Crona B, Duke N: Mangrove ecosystem services and the potential for carbon revenue programmes in Solomon Islands. Environ Conserv 2011, 38:485-496.
• [13]Seidenstlcker J, Hai A: The sundarbans wildlife management plan: conservation in the Bangladesh coastal zone. Gland, Switzerland: International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources; 1983.
• [14]Deb AK: Fake blue revolution: environmental and socio-economic impacts of shrimp culture in the coastal areas of Bangladesh. Ocean & Coastal Management 1998, 41:63-88.
• [15]Islam MS, Haque M: The mangrove-based coastal and nearshore fisheries of Bangladesh: ecology, exploitation and management. Rev Fish Biol Fish 2004, 14:153-180.
• [16]OTA: Technologies to maintain biological diversity. Washington, DC: U.S: Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, U.S. Government Printing Office; 1987.
• [17]Mace GM, Norris K, Fitter AH: Biodiversity and ecosystem services: a multilayered relationship. Trends Ecol Evol 2012, 27:19-26.
• [18]Field C: Rehabilitation of mangrove ecosystems: an overview. Mar Pollut Bull 1999, 37:383-392.
• [19]Duke NC, Ball MC, Ellison JC: Factors influencing biodiversity and distributional gradients in mangroves. Glob Ecol Biogeogr Lett 1998, 7:27-47.
• [20]Michael Gee J, Somerfield PJ: Do mangrove diversity and leaf litter decay promote meiofaunal diversity? J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 1997, 218:13-33.
• [21]Todd PA, Yeo DCJ, Ya BP: Feeding ecology of two species of Perisesarma (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Sesarmidae) in Mandai mangroves, Singapore. J Crustac Biol 2008, 28:480-484.
• [22]Duke NC: Gap creation and regenerative processes driving diversity and structure of mangrove ecosystems. Wetlands Ecol Manage 2001, 9:267-279.
• [23]Millennium ecosystem assessment. Ecosystems and human well-being: biodiversity synthesis. [http://www.unep.org/maweb/documents/document.354.aspx.pdf webcite]
• [24]Rönnbäck P, Crona B, Ingwall L: The return of ecosystem goods and services in replanted mangrove forests: perspectives from local communities in Kenya. Environ Conserv 2007, 34:313-324.
• [25]Mcleod E, Chmura GL, Bouillon S, Salm R, Björk M, Duarte CM, Lovelock CE, Schlesinger WH, Silliman BR: A blueprint for blue carbon: toward an improved understanding of the role of vegetated coastal habitats in sequestering CO 2. Front Ecol Environ 2011, 9:552-560.
• [26]Pendleton L, Donato DC, Murray BC, Crooks S, Jenkins WA, Sifleet S, Craft C, Fourqurean JW, Kauffman JB, Marbà N, Megonigal P, Pidgeon E, Herr D, Gordon D, Baldera A: Estimating global “blue carbon” emissions from conversion and degradation of vegetated coastal ecosystems. PLoS ONE 2012, 7:e43542.
• [27]Kairo JG, Lang’at JKS, Dahdouh-Guebas F, Bosire J, Karachi M: Structural development and productivity of replanted mangrove plantations in Kenya. Forest Ecol Manag 2008, 255:2670-2677.
• [28]Bonine KM, Bjorkstedt EP, Ewel KC, Palik M: Population characteristics of the mangrove crab Scylla serrata (Decapoda: Portunidae) in Kosrae, Federated States of Micronesia: effects of harvest and implications for management. Pac Sci 2008, 62:1-19.
• [29]Rönnbäck P: The ecological basis for economic value of seafood production supported by mangrove ecosystems. Ecol Econ 1999, 29:235-252.
• [30]Das S, Vincent JR: Mangroves protected villages and reduced death toll during Indian super cyclone. Proc Natl Acad Sci 2009, 106:7357-7360.
• [31]Mazda Y, Magi M, Kogo M, Hong PN: Mangroves as a coastal protection from waves in the tong king delta, Vietnam. Mangrove Salt Marshes 1997, 1:127-135.
• [32]Donato DC, Kauffman JB, Murdiyarso D, Kurnianto S, Stidham M, Kanninen M: Mangroves among the most carbon-rich forests in the tropics. Nat Geosci 2011, 4:293-297.
• [33]Carlton JM: Land-building and stabilization by mangroves. Environ Conserv 1974, 1:285-294.
• [34]Alongi DM, Pfitzner J, Trott LA, Tirendi F, Dixon P, Klumpp DW: Rapid sediment accumulation and microbial mineralization in forests of the mangrove Kandelia candel in the Jiulongjiang Estuary, China. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 2005, 63:605-618.
• [35]Amarasinghe MD, Balasubramaniam S: Net primary productivity of two mangrove forest stands on the northwestern coast of Sri Lanka. Hydrobiologia 1992, 247:37-47.
• [36]Twilley RW, Lugo AE, Patterson-Zucca C: Litter Production and Turnover in Basin Mangrove Forests in Southwest Florida. Ecology 1986, 67:670.
• [37]Bacon PR: Use of wetlands for tourism in the insular Caribbean. Ann Tour Res 1987, 14:104-117.
• [38]Cardinale BJ, Duffy JE, Gonzalez A, Hooper DU, Perrings C, Venail P, Narwani A, Mace GM, Tilman D, Wardle DA, Kinzig AP, Daily GC, Loreau M, Grace JB, Larigauderie A, Srivastava DS, Naeem S: Biodiversity loss and its impact on humanity. Nature 2012, 486:59-67.
• [39]Elmqvist T, Folke C, Nystrom M, Peterson G, Bengtsson J, Walker B, Norberg J: Response diversity, ecosystem change, and resilience. Front Ecol Environ 2003, 1:488-494.
• [40]Hooper DU, Chapin FS III, Ewel JJ, Hector A, Inchausti P, Lavorel S, Lawton JH, Lodge DM, Loreau M, Naeem S, Schmid B, Setälä H, Symstad AJ, Vandermeer J, Wardle DA: Effects of biodiversity on ecosystem functioning: a consensus of current knowledge. Ecol Monogr 2005, 75:3-35.
• [41]Lewis RR III: Ecologically based goal setting in mangrove forest and tidal marsh restoration. Ecol Eng 2000, 15:191-198.
• [42]Lewis RR III: Methods and Criteria for Successful Mangrove Forest Restoration. In Coastal Wetlands: An integrated ecosystem approach. Edited by Perillo GME, Wolanski E, Cahoon DR, Brinson MM. Oxford: Elsevier; 2009:787-800.
• [43]Society for Ecological Restoration International Science Policy Working Group: Society for ecological restoration international science & policy working group. 2nd edition. The SER International Primer on Ecological Restoration; 2004. http://www.ser.org webcite & Tucson: Society for Ecological Restoration International
• [44]Ellison AM: Mangrove restoration: do we know enough? Restor Ecology 2000, 8:219-229.
• [45]Smith AH, Berkes F: Community‒based use of mangrove resources in St. Lucia. Int J Environ Stud 1993, 43:123-131.
• [46]Datta D, Chattopadhyay RN, Guha P: Community based mangrove management: a review on status and sustainability. J Environ Manage 2012, 107:84-95.
• [47]Lewis RR III: Ecological engineering for successful management and restoration of mangrove forests. Ecol Eng 2005, 24:403-418.
• [48]Bosire JO, Dahdouh-Guebas F, Kairo JG, Cannicci S, Koedam N: Spatial variations in macrobenthic fauna recolonisation in a tropical mangrove bay. Biodivers Conserv 2004, 13:1059-1074.
• [49]Crona BI, Holmgren S, Rönnbäck P: Re-establishment of epibiotic communities in reforested mangroves of Gazi Bay, Kenya. Wetlands Ecol Manage 2006, 14:527-538.
• [50]Benayas JMR, Newton AC, Diaz A, Bullock JM: Enhancement of biodiversity and ecosystem services by ecological restoration: a meta-analysis. Science 2009, 325:1121-1124.
• [51]Ashton EC, Hogarth PJ, Macintosh DJ: A comparison of brachyuran crab community structure at four mangrove locations under different management systems along the Melaka Straits-Andaman Sea Coast of Malaysia and Thailand. Estuaries 2003, 26:1461-1471.
• [52]Bouillon S, Koedam N, Raman A, Dehairs F: Primary producers sustaining macro-invertebrate communities in intertidal mangrove forests. Oecologia 2002, 130:441-448.
• [53]Lau WWY: Beyond carbon: conceptualizing payments for ecosystem services in blue forests on carbon and other marine and coastal ecosystem services. Ocean & Coastal Management 2013, 83:5-14.
• [54]Landis JR, Koch GG: The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data. Biometrics 1977, 33:159-174.
• [55]Hedges LV, Gurevitch J, Curtis PS: The meta-analysis of response ratios in experimental ecology. Ecology 1999, 80:1150-1156.
• [56]Borenstein M, Hedges LV, Higgins JPT, Rothstein HR: Introduction to meta-analysis. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd: Chichester, UK; 2009.