Antioxidant potential of Sutherlandia frutescens and its protective effects against oxidative stress in various cell cultures

BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine

Nuran Ercal²  William R Folk¹  Connor J Hines²  Weili Fan²  Shakila Tobwala² 

[1] Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA;Department of Chemistry, Missouri University of Science and Technology, 400 West 11th Street, 142 Schrenk Hall, Rolla, MO 65409, USA

关键词: Reactive oxygen species;    Radical scavenging;    Glutathione;    Antioxidant;    Oxidative stress;    Sutherlandia frutescens;   

Others  :  1087155
DOI  :  10.1186/1472-6882-14-271

 received in 2014-04-14, accepted in 2014-07-22,  发布年份 2014

【 摘 要 】

Background

Sutherlandia frutescens (L.) R.Br. (SF) is a South African plant that is widely used to treat stress, infections, cancer, and chronic diseases, many of which involve oxidative stress. The aim of the study was to quantitatively assess the antioxidant potential of SF extracts in cell-free system as well as in cell lines.

Methods

Dried SF vegetative parts were extracted using six different solvents, and the extracts were assessed for total phenolic and flavonoid contents, total reducing power, iron chelating capacity, and free radical scavenging power, including, scavenging of hydroxyl radicals, superoxide anions, nitric oxide, and hydrogen peroxide. We further investigated the freeze-dried hot water extract of SF (SFE) to assess its effect against oxidative stress induced by tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BHP), an organic peroxide. Three different cell lines: Chinese hamster ovary (CHO), human hepatoma (HepaRG), and human pulmonary alveolar carcinoma (A549) cells, were employed to determine cell viability, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, and reduced to oxidized glutathione levels (GSH/GSSG).

Results

The results indicated that: (1) SF extracts have significant antioxidant potential that is dependent upon the nature of the extraction solvent and (2) SFE protects against tBHP-induced oxidative stress in cells by scavenging ROS and preserving intracellular GSH/GSSG.

Conclusion

Oxidative stress is implicated in a number of disorders, and due to the public’s concerns about synthetic antioxidants, various natural antioxidants are being explored for their therapeutic potential. Our findings support claims for S. frutescens being a promising adjunctive therapeutic for oxidative stress-related health problems.

【 授权许可】

   
2014 Tobwala et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

【 图 表 】

Figure 1.

Figure 2.

Figure 3.

Figure 4.

Figure 5.

Figure 6.

Figure 7.

Figure 8.

Figure 9.

Figure 10.

Fig. 3.

【 参考文献 】

• [1]Hayes JD, McLellan LI: Glutathione and glutathione-dependent enzymes represent a co-ordinately regulated defence against oxidative stress. Free Radic Res 1999, 31:273-300.
• [2]Nakabeppu Y, Tsuchimoto D, Furuichi M, Sakumi K: The defense mechanisms in mammalian cells against oxidative damage in nucleic acids and their involvement in the suppression of mutagenesis and cell death. Free Radic Res 2004, 38:423-429.
• [3]Papas AM: Diet and antioxidant status. Food Chem Toxicol 1999, 37:999-1007.
• [4]Morel I, Lescoat G, Cillard P, Cillard J: Role of flavonoids and iron chelation in antioxidant action. Methods Enzymol 1994, 234:437-443.
• [5]Rice-Evans C: Flavonoid antioxidants. Curr Med Chem 2001, 8:797-807.
• [6]Krinsky NI: Mechanism of action of biological antioxidants. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1992, 200:248-254.
• [7]van Wyk BE, Albrecht C: A review of the taxonomy, ethnobotany, chemistry and pharmacology of Sutherlandia frutescens (Fabaceae). J Ethnopharmacol 2008, 119:620-629.
• [8]Robak J, Gryglewski RJ: Flavonoids are scavengers of superoxide anions. Biochem Pharmacol 1988, 37:837-841.
• [9]Chen JW, Zhu ZQ, Hu TX, Zhu DY: Structure-activity relationship of natural flavonoids in hydroxyl radical-scavenging effects. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2002, 23:667-672.
• [10]Rice-Evans C, Packer L: Flavonoids in health and disease. New York: Marcel Dekker; 1998.
• [11]Fu X, Li XC, Wang YH, Avula B, Smillie TJ, Mabusela W, Syce J, Johnson Q, Folk W, Khan IA: Flavonol glycosides from the south African medicinal plant Sutherlandia frutescens. Planta Med 2010, 76:178-181.
• [12]Fernandes AC, Cromarty AD, Albrecht C, van Rensburg CE: The antioxidant potential of Sutherlandia frutescens. J Ethnopharmacol 2004, 95:1-5.
• [13]Katerere DR, Eloff JN: Antibacterial and antioxidant activity of Sutherlandia frutescens (Fabaceae), a reputed anti-HIV/AIDS phytomedicine. Phytother Res 2005, 19:779-781.
• [14]Koleva II, van Beek TA, Linssen JP, de Groot A, Evstatieva LN: Screening of plant extracts for antioxidant activity: a comparative study on three testing methods. Phytochem Anal 2002, 13:8-17.
• [15]Konaté K, Kiendrébéogo M, Ouattara MM, Souza A, Lamien-Meda A, Nongasida Y, Barro N, Millogo-Rasolodimby J, Nacoulma OG: Antibacterial potential of aqueous acetone extracts from five medicinal plants used traditionally to treat infectious diseases in burkina faso. Curr Res J Biol Sci 2011, 3:8.
• [16]Kalava V, Menon S: In-vitro free radical scavenging activity of aqueous extract from the mycella of volvariella volvacea (bulliard ex fries) singer. Int J Current Pharmaceutical Res 2012, 4:7.
• [17]Jayanthi P, Lalitha P: Reducing Power of the solvent extracts of eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) solms. Int J Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sci 2011, 3:3.
• [18]Shyamala S, Vasantha K: Free radical scavenging and antioxidant activity of leaves from Agathi (Sesbania grandiflora) (L.) Pers. Am Eurasian J Sci Res 2010, 5:6.
• [19]Ozyurek M, Bektasoglu B, Guclu K, Gungor N, Apak R: A novel hydrogen peroxide scavenging assay of phenolics and flavonoids using cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) methodology. J Food Compos Anal 2010, 23:10.
• [20]Pramod K, Devala RG, Lakshmayya B, Ramachandra SS: Nephroprotective and nitric oxide scavenging activity of tubers of momordica tuberosa in rats. Avicenna J Med Biotechnol 2011, 3:87-93.
• [21]Bajpai VK, Sharma A, Kang SC, Baek KH: Antioxidant, lipid peroxidation inhibition and free radical scavenging efficacy of a diterpenoid compound sugiol isolated from Metasequoia glyptostroboides. Asian Pac J Trop Med 2014, 7:9-15.
• [22]Kunchandy E, Rao MNA: Oxygen radical scavenging activity of curcumin. Int J Pharm 1990, 58:4.
• [23]Manda K, Adams C, Ercal N: Biologically important thiols in aqueous extracts of spices and evaluation of their in vitro antioxidant properties. Food Chem 2010, 118:5.
• [24]Bradford MM: A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Anal Biochem 1976, 72:248-254.
• [25]Wang B-J, Lien Y-H, Yu Z-R: Supercritical fluid extractive fractionation – study of the antioxidant activities of propolis. Food Chem 2004, 86:7.
• [26]Stohs SJ, Bagchi D: Oxidative mechanisms in the toxicity of metal ions. Free Radic Biol Med 1995, 18:321-336.
• [27]Marcocci L, Maguire JJ, Droy-Lefaix MT, Packer L: The nitric oxide-scavenging properties of Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1994, 201:748-755.
• [28]Wink DA, Kasprzak KS, Maragos CM, Elespuru RK, Misra M, Dunams TM, Cebula TA, Koch WH, Andrews AW, Allen JS, Keefer LK: DNA deaminating ability and genotoxicity of nitric oxide and its progenitors. Science 1991, 254:1001-1003.
• [29]Halliwell B: Reactive oxygen species in living systems: source, biochemistry, and role in human disease. Am J Med 1991, 91:14S-22S.
• [30]Cook N, Samman S: Flavonoids—Chemistry, metabolism, cardioprotective effects, and dietary sources. J Nutr Biochem 1996, 7:11.
• [31]Benov L: How superoxide radical damages the cell. Protoplasma 2001, 217:33-36.
• [32]Phulukdaree A, Moodley D, Chuturgoon A: The effects of Sutherlandia frutescens extracts in cultured renal proximal and distal tubule epithelial cells. S Afr J Sci 2010, 106:5.
• [33]Ngcobo M, Gqaleni N, Chelule PK, Serumula M, Assounga A: Effects of Sutherlandia frutescens extracts on normal T-lymphocytes in vitro. Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med 2012, 9:73-80.
• [34]Seier JV, Mdhluli M, Dhansay M, Loza J, Laubscher R: A toxicity study of Sutherlandia leaf powder (Sutherlandia microphylla) consumption. Medical Research Council, National Research Foundation (NRF) of South Africa 2002, 1-35.
• [35]Johnson Q, Syce J, Nell H, Rudeen K, Folk WR: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of Lessertia frutescens in healthy adults. PLoS Clin trials 2007, 2:e16.
• [36]Stander A, Marais S, Stivaktas V, Vorster C, Albrecht C, Lottering ML, Joubert AM: In vitro effects of Sutherlandia frutescens water extracts on cell numbers, morphology, cell cycle progression and cell death in a tumorigenic and a non-tumorigenic epithelial breast cell line. J Ethnopharmacol 2009, 124:45-60.
• [37]Tai J, Cheung S, Chan E, Hasman D: In vitro culture studies of Sutherlandia frutescens on human tumor cell lines. J Ethnopharmacol 2004, 93:9-19.
• [38]Chinkwo KA: Sutherlandia frutescens extracts can induce apoptosis in cultured carcinoma cells. J Ethnopharmacol 2005, 98:163-170.
• [39]Vorster C, Stander A, Joubert A: Differential signaling involved in Sutherlandia frutescens-induced cell death in MCF-7 and MCF-12A cells. J Ethnopharmacol 2012, 140:123-130.
• [40]Wink M, Wiley InterScience (Online service): Functions And Biotechnology Of Plant Secondary Metabolites. In Book Functions And Biotechnology Of Plant Secondary Metabolites. 2nd edition. Wiley-Blackwell; 2010.
• [41]Nycobo M: The biochemical effects of Sutherlandia Frutescens in cultured H9 cancerous T cells and normal human T lymphocytes. MMedSci Thesis, University of KwaZulu-Natal 2008.