Dramatic expansion of the black widow toxin arsenal uncovered by multi-tissue transcriptomics and venom proteomics

BMC Genomics

Jessica E Garb²  Cheryl Y Hayashi¹  Thomas H Clarke³  Nadia A Ayoub³  Robert A Haney² 

[1]Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA

[2]Department of Biological Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA 01854, USA

[3]Department of Biology, Washington and Lee University, Lexington, VA 24450, USA

关键词: Spider;    Transcriptomics;    Mass spectrometry;    Venom;    Latrotoxins;    RNA-Seq;   

Others  :  1216620
DOI  :  10.1186/1471-2164-15-366

 received in 2013-12-30, accepted in 2014-05-08,  发布年份 2014

【 摘 要 】

Background

Animal venoms attract enormous interest given their potential for pharmacological discovery and understanding the evolution of natural chemistries. Next-generation transcriptomics and proteomics provide unparalleled, but underexploited, capabilities for venom characterization. We combined multi-tissue RNA-Seq with mass spectrometry and bioinformatic analyses to determine venom gland specific transcripts and venom proteins from the Western black widow spider (Latrodectus hesperus) and investigated their evolution.

Results

We estimated expression of 97,217 L. hesperus transcripts in venom glands relative to silk and cephalothorax tissues. We identified 695 venom gland specific transcripts (VSTs), many of which BLAST and GO term analyses indicate may function as toxins or their delivery agents. ~38% of VSTs had BLAST hits, including latrotoxins, inhibitor cystine knot toxins, CRISPs, hyaluronidases, chitinase, and proteases, and 59% of VSTs had predicted protein domains. Latrotoxins are venom toxins that cause massive neurotransmitter release from vertebrate or invertebrate neurons. We discovered ≥ 20 divergent latrotoxin paralogs expressed in L. hesperus venom glands, significantly increasing this biomedically important family. Mass spectrometry of L. hesperus venom identified 49 proteins from VSTs, 24 of which BLAST to toxins. Phylogenetic analyses showed venom gland specific gene family expansions and shifts in tissue expression.

Conclusions

Quantitative expression analyses comparing multiple tissues are necessary to identify venom gland specific transcripts. We present a black widow venom specific exome that uncovers a trove of diverse toxins and associated proteins, suggesting a dynamic evolutionary history. This justifies a reevaluation of the functional activities of black widow venom in light of its emerging complexity.

【 授权许可】

   
2014 Haney et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

【 图 表 】

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