The province of Papua of the Republic ofIndonesia was provided special autonomy under law 21-2001 inrecognition of the fact that 'the management and use ofthe natural wealth of Tanah Papua has not yet been optimallyutilized to enhance the living standard of the natives,causing a deep gap between the Papua province and the otherregions, and violations of the basic rights of the Papuanpeople.' The goal of special autonomy was to help Papuaand Papuans catch up to the rest of Indonesia in terms ofliving standards and opportunities. Yet, now almost a decadelater, and after the split into two provinces: Papua andWest Papua, progress toward this goal has been slow. Inrecognition of this, the Indonesian central governmentissued presidential instruction 5-2007 on the accelerationof development of Papua and West Papua instructing allrelevant technical ministries to devote special attention tothe two provinces and to coordinate their programs with thegovernors of both provinces. Transport is a key piece of thedevelopment puzzle and is a high priority for all levels ofgovernment in Papua and West Papua. Yet, despite this, andlarge amounts of investment channeled toward the sector, thepeople of Papua and West Papua are not receivingsubstantially better transportation services than they werebefore special autonomy. This report aims to set out a setof priorities that transport development must follow inPapua and West Papua if investments are to be productive andremain useful for their entire design life.