An assessment of monitoring andevaluation (M&E) was undertaken to learn lessons, bothpositive and negative, from the experience of the South AsiaHealth, Nutrition, Population Sector (SASHNP) in ongoing orrecently closed projects. The objectives of the study wereto: (a) improve the design and implementation of M&E ofBank HNP operations in the region; (b) understand how toincrease the number of impact evaluations of importantinnovations; (c) figure out means to assist our clients toimprove the monitoring of the performance of their healthsectors; (d) further strengthen the "results"culture among sector staff; and (e) establish a baselineagainst to which judge progress on improving M&E thatcould be repeated in 2-3 years. This paper contains thefollowing sections: executive summary, introduction,methods, results, recommendations, and checklist for M&Ein HNP operations.