Born with a Silver Spoon : Inequality in Educational Achievement across the World

Balcazar, Carlos Felipe ; Narayan, Ambar ; Tiwari, Sailesh

World Bank Group, Washington, DC

关键词: ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT;    ACADEMIC OUTCOMES;    ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE;    ACHIEVEMENTS;    ADULT LIFE;   

DOI  :  10.1596/1813-9450-7152
RP-ID  :  WPS7152

学科分类：社会科学、人文和艺术（综合）

来源: World Bank Open Knowledge Repository

【 摘 要 】

This paper assesses inequality ofopportunity in educational achievement using the HumanOpportunity Index methodology on data from the Programme forInternational Student Assessment. The findings suggest thatthere are large inequalities in learning outcomes asmeasured by demonstrated proficiency in Programme forInternational Student Assessment test scores in math,reading, and science. Differences in wealth, parentaleducation, and area of residence explain a bulk of thisinequality in most of the countries in the sample.Consistent with what has been documented previously in theliterature, the paper also finds a strong and stablecorrelation between inequality of opportunity and publicspending on school education. An exploration of the changesin inequality of opportunity between the 2009 and 2012rounds of the Programme for International StudentAssessment, using parametric and nonparametric techniques,suggests that there has been little progress.