The paper reported that to increase theeffectiveness of healthcare as well as to alleviate povertyin the poorest parts of the world, the symposiumparticipants recommended urgent attention to threeprinciples: 1. Success will only be achieved if bothbiological diversity and cultural diversity are conserved.;2. Leadership must come from indigenous peoples/(localcommunities) in the use of traditional knowledge for broaderhealth benefits; 3. International cooperation andpartnerships are necessary to ensure safety and quality oftraditional phytomedicines.