As the World Bank and partners aim tosupport governments in the Middle East and North Africaaddress the challenges that confront the water andsanitation sector, the development of an effectiveregulatory framework is seen as increasingly salient. Inorder to have impact in this space, some basic informationis needed. The objective of this study is to collectinformation through a regulatory lens and present it toserve as part of the foundation for sector reviews andoperations. It is not the objective of this study to analyzeor critique the performance of water and sanitation servicesor the effectiveness of regulation in each country or tomake recommendations. Thus the approach is positive ratherthan normative.The report is part of a wider World Bankinitiative to provide government officials and otherstakeholders including civil society, service providers,potential financiers, and development practitioners with theresources to better understand current conditions andconsider approaches to policies, institutions and regulationthat can best incentivize the delivery of sustainableservices. The report discusses the different approaches inimplementing regulatory functions specific to economicregulation and highlights aspects of the operatingenvironment particular to each country context includingsector institutional roles and responsibilities, tariffformulation processes, private sector participation andpublic-private partnerships, and the role of citizenengagement in sector regulation. This desk study is a firststep intended to provide some basic information on selectedcountries that will serve as a foundation for determiningwhere further support in the area of regulatory reform mightbe best concentrated. The authors review the status ofregulatory institutions and practices in five MENA countrieswhich were chosen to include different historic and legalframeworks and fragile/conflict states as well as those thatare attempting broader sector reform.
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