In the boardroom, disagreements areoften unavoidable - especially when the board is composed ofindependent minded, skilled, and outspoken directors. Aboard that never argues or disagrees is most likely to be aninactive, passive, or inattentive board - in other words, anineffective board that is neither fulfilling its oversightfunction nor carrying out its duty of care. If boardroomdisagreements and or shareholder conflicts are not dealtwith properly, they can devolve into acrimonious disputesthat undermine a company’s operation and performance. Leftunchecked and unattended, these disputes escalate quicklyinto public matters that can have severe, long-termconsequences for the company and its key stakeholders. Thesedisputes can lead to poor performance, scare investors,produce waste, divert resources, cause share values todecline, and, in some cases, paralyze a company. In 2012,the center for effective dispute resolution (CEDR) and thecorporate governance group of the International FinanceCorporation (IFC) undertook a joint project to explore thecauses, nature, and methods of resolving corporategovernance disputes. As part of this ongoing project, CEDRand IFC carried out a global survey. For more publicationson IFC Sustainability please visit www.ifc.org/sustainabilitypublications.