Molecular epidemiology of Plasmodium vivax in Latin America: polymorphism and evolutionary relationships of the circumsporozoite gene

Malaria Journal

Research

Ciro Montero-Solís¹  Frida Santillán¹  Lilia González-Cerón¹  Jesus Martinez-Barnetche²  Mario H Rodríguez²  Benjamin J Espinosa³  Aida M Soto⁴  Octavio A Chávez⁵ 

[1] Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico;Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico;Naval Medical Research Unit - 6, Lima, Peru;Pan American Health Organization Office, Managua, Nicaragua;Vector Control Program, Silais Chinandega, Ministry of Health, Chinandega, Nicaragua;

关键词: Plasmodium vivax;    Circumsporozoite protein;    Gene polymorphism;    Mismatch distribution;    Phylogeny;    Repeat allelic types;    Mexico;    Nicaragua;    Peru;   

DOI  :  10.1186/1475-2875-12-243

 received in 2013-01-25, accepted in 2013-07-09,  发布年份 2013

来源: Springer

【 摘 要 】

BackgroundThe origins and dispersal of Plasmodium vivax to its current worldwide distribution remains controversial. Although progress on P. vivax genetics and genomics has been achieved worldwide, information concerning New World parasites remains fragmented and largely incomplete. More information on the genetic diversity in Latin America (LA) is needed to better explain current patterns of parasite dispersion and evolution.MethodsPlasmodium vivax circumsporozoite protein gene polymorphism was investigated using polymerase chain reaction amplification and restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP), and Sanger sequencing in isolates from the Pacific Ocean coast of Mexico, Nicaragua, and Peru. In conjunction with worldwide sequences retrieved from the Genbank, mismatch distribution analysis of central repeat region (CRR), frequency estimation of unique repeat types and phylogenetic analysis of the 3′ terminal region, were performed to obtain an integrative view of the genetic relationships between regional and worldwide isolates.ResultsFour RFLP subtypes, vk210a, b, c and d were identified in Southern Mexico and three subtypes vk210a, e and f in Nicaragua. The nucleotide sequences showed that Mexican vk210a and all Nicaraguan isolates were similar to other American parasites. In contrast, vk210b, c and d were less frequent, had a domain ANKKAEDA in their carboxyl end and clustered with Asian isolates. All vk247 isolates from Mexico and Peru had identical RFLP pattern. Their nucleotide sequences showed two copies of GGQAA GGNAANKKAGDAGA at the carboxyl end. Differences in mismatch distribution parameters of the CRR separate vk247 from most vk210 isolates. While vk247 isolates display a homogeneous pattern with no geographical clustering, vk210 isolates display a heterogeneous geographically clustered pattern which clearly separates LA from non-American isolates, except vk210b, c and d from Southern Mexico.ConclusionsThe presence of vk210a in Mexico and vk210e, f and g in Nicaragua are consistent with other previously reported LA isolates and reflect their circulation throughout the continent. The vk210b, c and d are novel genotypes in LA. Their genetic relationships and low variability within these vk210 and/or within the vk247 parasites in Southern Mexico suggest its recent introduction and/or recent expansion to this region. The global analysis of P. vivax csp suggests this parasite introduction to the region and likely LA by different independent events.

【 授权许可】

CC BY   
© González-Cerón et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2013