Quantum encryption in phase space with displacement operators

EPJ Quantum Technology

Research

Randy Kuang¹  Adrian Chan¹ 

[1] Quantropi Inc., ON K1Z 8P9, Ottawa, ON, Canada;

关键词: Coherent State;    Quantum Encryption;    Quantum Decryption;    Symmetric encryption;    QKD;    Symmetric cryptography;    QPP;    Quantum Communication;    Quadrature Amplitude Modulation or QAM;    QPSK;    IQ-MZM;    Displacement Operator;    Phase Shift Operator;    Coherent Detection;    Digital Signal Processing or DSP;   

DOI  :  10.1140/epjqt/s40507-023-00183-0

 received in 2022-12-14, accepted in 2023-06-19,  发布年份 2023

来源: Springer

【 摘 要 】

In photonic computing, the quantum systems consist of coherent states and squeezed coherent states. Common quantum gates found in these systems are: phase shift, displacement, and squeezing gates. These gates are all unitary and reversible. Outside of quantum systems, coherent states also plays a significant role in coherent optical communications with speeds of hundreds of gigabits per second. Secure optical communications is generally implemented at the data layer with classical symmetric encryption such as Advanced Standard Encryption or AES. This inevitably allows any wiretapping to capture the transmitted data either in the plaintext mode or in the encrypted ciphertext mode in the optical infrastructure. The recent and rapid developments in Quantum computing further lift up the need for quantum secure communications in the optical infrastructure. This paper proposes a novel quantum encryption in the coherent optical domain utilizing a displacement operator and implementing with IQ-MZM optical modules, called Quantum Encryption in Phase Space or QEPS. The communication peers share a secret used to seed cryptographic pseudo random number generators to produce a synchronized random number at both the transmitter and receiver. The synchronized random numbers are used to establish displacement operators to encrypt the coherent states at the transmission and decrypt the cipher coherent states at the receiver. Therefore, malicious parties tapping along the fibre line would not extract the message in transit from optical domain due to a high Bit Error Rate or BER. The optimal displacement operator is split into a standard 16-QAM and a random phase shift operator to enhance the transmission security. We analysis the transmission security with the wiretap channel model for semantic security. We have simulated the QEPS encryption and decryption for two data modulation schemes: QPSK and 16-QAM over 80 km for transmission speeds of 56 Gbps for QPSK and 112 Gbps for 16-QAM.

【 授权许可】

CC BY   
© The Author(s) 2023

【 图 表 】

Fig. 2

41116_2023_37_Article_IEq204.gif

Fig. 2

41116_2023_37_Article_IEq201.gif

Fig. 3

41116_2023_37_Article_IEq199.gif

Fig. 2

41116_2023_37_Article_IEq197.gif

41116_2023_37_Article_IEq196.gif

Fig. 1

41116_2023_37_Article_IEq194.gif

41116_2023_37_Article_IEq193.gif

Fig. 1

Fig. 1

Fig. 1

41116_2023_37_Article_IEq189.gif

41116_2023_37_Article_IEq188.gif

Fig. 1

41116_2023_37_Article_IEq187.gif

41116_2023_37_Article_IEq186.gif

Fig. 1

41116_2023_37_Article_IEq184.gif

Fig. 4

41116_2023_37_Article_IEq183.gif

41116_2023_37_Article_IEq182.gif

41116_2023_37_Article_IEq181.gif

41116_2023_37_Article_IEq180.gif

Fig. 2

41116_2023_37_Article_IEq179.gif

41116_2023_37_Article_IEq178.gif

41116_2023_37_Article_IEq175.gif

41116_2023_37_Article_IEq174.gif

41116_2023_37_Article_IEq173.gif

41116_2023_37_Article_IEq172.gif

41116_2023_37_Article_IEq171.gif

Fig. 2

Fig. 4

41116_2023_37_Article_IEq168.gif

41116_2023_37_Article_IEq167.gif

Fig. 6

Fig. 2

Fig. 2

41116_2023_37_Article_IEq163.gif

Fig.1

41116_2023_37_Article_IEq161.gif

41116_2023_37_Article_IEq160.gif

41116_2023_37_Article_IEq159.gif

41116_2023_37_Article_IEq153.gif

41116_2023_37_Article_IEq152.gif

41116_2023_37_Article_IEq151.gif

41116_2023_37_Article_IEq150.gif

41116_2023_37_Article_IEq149.gif

41116_2023_37_Article_IEq148.gif

41116_2023_37_Article_IEq147.gif

Fig. 1

41116_2023_37_Article_IEq145.gif

41116_2023_37_Article_IEq144.gif

41116_2023_37_Article_IEq143.gif

41116_2023_37_Article_IEq142.gif

Fig. 2

41116_2023_37_Article_IEq141.gif

41116_2023_37_Article_IEq140.gif

41116_2023_37_Article_IEq139.gif

41116_2023_37_Article_IEq138.gif

41116_2023_37_Article_IEq137.gif

Fig. 2

41116_2023_37_Article_IEq134.gif

41116_2023_37_Article_IEq133.gif

41116_2023_37_Article_IEq132.gif

Fig. 1

41116_2023_37_Article_IEq130.gif

41116_2023_37_Article_IEq129.gif

41116_2023_37_Article_IEq128.gif

Fig. 1

41116_2023_37_Article_IEq126.gif

41116_2023_37_Article_IEq125.gif

41116_2023_37_Article_IEq124.gif

41116_2023_37_Article_IEq123.gif

41116_2023_37_Article_IEq122.gif

Fig. 1

41116_2023_37_Article_IEq121.gif

41116_2023_37_Article_IEq120.gif

41116_2023_37_Article_IEq119.gif

41116_2023_37_Article_IEq118.gif

42004_2023_919_Article_IEq16.gif

41116_2023_37_Article_IEq117.gif

Fig. 4

41116_2023_37_Article_IEq102.gif

41116_2023_37_Article_IEq101.gif

41116_2023_37_Article_IEq89.gif

41116_2023_37_Article_IEq88.gif

Fig. 1

41116_2023_37_Article_IEq86.gif

41116_2023_37_Article_IEq85.gif

41116_2023_37_Article_IEq83.gif

41116_2023_37_Article_IEq82.gif

Fig. 4

41116_2023_37_Article_IEq80.gif

41116_2023_37_Article_IEq79.gif

41116_2023_37_Article_IEq78.gif

Fig. 3

41116_2023_37_Article_IEq76.gif

41116_2023_37_Article_IEq75.gif

41116_2023_37_Article_IEq74.gif

41116_2023_37_Article_IEq73.gif

41116_2023_37_Article_IEq72.gif

Fig. 2

41116_2023_37_Article_IEq69.gif

Fig. 2

41116_2023_37_Article_IEq67.gif

Fig. 2

41116_2023_37_Article_IEq65.gif

41116_2023_37_Article_IEq64.gif

41116_2023_37_Article_IEq63.gif

41116_2023_37_Article_IEq62.gif

41116_2023_37_Article_IEq61.gif

41116_2023_37_Article_IEq60.gif

41116_2023_37_Article_IEq59.gif

41116_2023_37_Article_IEq58.gif

41116_2023_37_Article_IEq57.gif

41116_2023_37_Article_IEq56.gif

41116_2023_37_Article_IEq55.gif

41116_2023_37_Article_IEq54.gif

41116_2023_37_Article_IEq53.gif

41116_2023_37_Article_IEq52.gif

Fig. 1

41116_2023_37_Article_IEq42.gif

41116_2023_37_Article_IEq37.gif

Fig. 1

41116_2023_37_Article_IEq12.gif

Fig. 2

41116_2023_37_Article_IEq10.gif

41116_2023_37_Article_IEq9.gif

41116_2023_37_Article_IEq7.gif

41116_2023_37_Article_IEq6.gif

41116_2023_37_Article_IEq4.gif

41116_2023_37_Article_IEq3.gif

41116_2023_37_Article_IEq2.gif

Fig. 2

Fig. 24

Fig. 7

Fig. 2

Fig. 4

Fig. 1

Fig. 3

Fig. 1

Fig. 6

Fig. 12

Fig. 1

Fig. 4

Fig. 5

Fig. 6

Fig. 5

Scheme 1

Fig. 1

Fig. 6

Fig. 22

Fig. 4

40854_2023_491_Article_IEq17.gif

Fig. 21

Fig. 4

Fig. 3

Fig. 3

Fig. 5

Fig. 7

Fig. 6

Fig. 6

Fig. 4

13690_2023_1130_Article_IEq62.gif

Fig. 1

13690_2023_1130_Article_IEq4.gif

Fig. 5

13690_2023_1130_Article_IEq2.gif

13690_2023_1130_Article_IEq1.gif

40517_2023_252_Article_IEq140.gif

Fig. 2

Fig. 1

40517_2023_252_Article_IEq124.gif

40517_2023_252_Article_IEq121.gif

40517_2023_252_Article_IEq117.gif

Fig. 1

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

40517_2023_252_Article_IEq78.gif