Cascade controller based modeling of a four area thermal: gas AGC system with dependency of wind turbine generator and PEVs under restructured environment

Protection and Control of Modern Power Systems

卷:7

Original Research

Debdeep Saha¹  Lalit Chandra Saikia²  Asadur Rahman³ 

[1] Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology Shibpur, Shibpur, West Bengal, India;

[2] Department of Electrical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Silchar, Silchar, Assam, India;

[3] Department of Electrical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Srinagar, Srinagar, India;

关键词: Automatic generation control;    Cascade controller;    Electric vehicle;    Harris Hawks algorithm;    Wind turbine generator;   

DOI  :  10.1186/s41601-022-00266-7

 received in 2021-09-23, accepted in 2022-10-24,  发布年份 2022

来源: Springer

【 摘 要 】

This paper investigates automatic generation control (AGC) of a realistic hybrid four-control area system with a distinct arrangement of thermal units, gas units and additional power generation. A proportional-integral-double derivative cascaded with proportional-integral (PIDD-PI) controller is employed as secondary controller in each control area for robust restructured AGC considering bilateral transactions and contract violations. The Harris Hawks algorithm is used to determine the optimal controller gains and system parameters under several scenarios. Electric vehicle (EV) aggregators are employed in each area to participate fully along with thermal and gas units to compensate for the unscheduled system demand in the local area. A comparison of non-cascaded controllers such as PI-PD, PD-PID and the proposed PIDD-PI proves the superiority of the last. The effect of the decline in inertia is closely examined because of the sudden outage of a generating unit while at the same time considering the change in area frequency response characteristics and area control error. EV fleets make significant contributions to improving the system dynamics during system inertia loss. The use of EVs in the presence of a wind energy-supported grid can provide a stable efficacy to the power grid. Numerous simulations with higher load demands, stochastic communication delays in presence of the WTG plant, and violations in system loadings and changes in gas turbine time constants in the absence of WTG demonstrate the robustness of the proposed control approach.

【 授权许可】

CC BY   
© The Author(s) 2022

【 图 表 】

Fig. 2

40507_2023_167_Article_IEq56.gif

40507_2023_167_Article_IEq55.gif

Fig. 2

40507_2023_167_Article_IEq53.gif

40507_2023_167_Article_IEq52.gif

40507_2023_167_Article_IEq50.gif

Fig. 1

Fig. 3

Fig. 2

Fig. 2

Fig. 2

40507_2023_167_Article_IEq44.gif

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Fig. 1

10194_2023_1579_Article_IEq33.gif

10194_2023_1579_Article_IEq26.gif

Fig. 15

Fig. 1

Fig. 14

41535_2022_516_Article_IEq34.gif