An Overview on Blockchain for Smartphones: State-of-the-Art, Consensus, Implementation, Challenges and Future Trends

IEEE Access

Pavel Masek¹  Konstantin Zhidanov²  Mikhail Sayfullin²  Sergey Vanurin²  Alexandra Afanasyeva³  Sergey Bezzateev³  Mikhail Komarov⁴  Yulia Bardinova⁵  Viktoriia Shubina⁵  Aleksandr Ometov⁵ 

[1] Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic;Enecuum HK Limited, Hong Kong;ITMO University, Saint Petersburg, Russia;National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia;Tampere University, Tampere, Finland;

关键词: Communication system security;    cryptographic protocols;    distributed information systems;    mobile computing;    prototypes;    cellular phones;   

DOI  :  10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2998951

来源: DOAJ

【 摘 要 】

The blockchain technology is currently penetrating different areas of the modern Information and Communications Technology community. Most of the devices involved in blockchain-related processes are specially designed targeting only the mining aspect, i.e., solving the computational puzzle task. At the same time, the use of wearable and mobile devices may also become a part of eCommerce blockchain operation, especially during the on-charge time. The paper considers the possibility of using a large number of constrained devices to support the operation of the blockchain with a low impact on battery consumption. The utilization of such devices is expected to improve the system efficiency as well as to attract a more substantial number of users. This paper contributes to the body of knowledge with a survey of the main applications of blockchain for smartphones along with existing mobile blockchain projects. It also proposes a novel consensus protocol based on a combination of Proof-of-Work (PoW), Proof-of-Activity (PoA), and Proof-of-Stake (PoS) algorithms for efficient and on-the-fly utilization on resource-constrained devices. The system was deployed in a worldwide testnet with more than two thousand smartphones and compared with other projects from the user-experienced metrics perspective. The results prove that the utilization of PoA systems on a smartphone does not significantly affect the lifetime of the smartphone battery while existing methods based on PoW have a tremendous negative impact. Finally, the main open challenges and future investigation directions are outlined.

【 授权许可】

Unknown