A comparison of green chemistry metrics for two methods of bromination and nitration of bis-pyrazolo[3,4-b;4′,3′-e]pyridines

Heterocyclic communications

article

Magdalena Marcinkowska¹  Danuta Rasała¹  Agnieszka Puchała¹  Agnieszka Gałuszka² 

[1] Organic Chemistry Division, Institute of Chemistry, Jan Kochanowski University;Geochemistry and the Environment Division, Institute of Chemistry, Jan Kochanowski University

关键词: bis-pyrazolo[3;    4-b;    4′;    3′-e]pyridines;    EcoScale;    green chemistry metrics;    microwave-assisted electrophilic substitution;   

DOI  :  10.1515/HC.2011.038

学科分类：内科医学

来源: De Gruyter

【 摘 要 】

Green chemistry metrics (E-factor, atom economy, reaction mass efficiency) and the EcoScale have been compared for conventional heating and microwave assisted bromination and nitration of bis-pyrazolo[3,4-b;4′,3′- e ]pyridines. The major advantages in microwave-assisted reactions in relation to traditional evaluation of the process have encompassed higher yields, shorter reaction time and higher selectivity. The microwave-assisted reactions have shown better green chemistry parameters and EcoScale ranks than those in conventionally heated reactions. Mass reaction efficiency values have been critical for considering ‘green’ the reactions conducted under traditional conditions. Additional advantages of using microwaves, not considered in calculated parameters, include easier purification of the reaction mixture and isolation of the product.

【 授权许可】

CC BY|CC BY-NC-ND