Preparation of cobalt-doped colloidal silica abrasives and their chemical mechanical polishing performances on sapphire

Micro & nano letters

article

Pan Ma¹  Hong Lei¹  Ruling Chen¹ 

[1] Research Center of Nano-science and Nano-technology, Shanghai University

关键词: silicon compounds;    cobalt;    abrasives;    time of flight mass spectra;    secondary ion mass spectra;    scanning electron microscopy;    chemical mechanical polishing;    surface roughness;    atomic emission spectroscopy;    X-ray photoelectron spectra;    cobalt-doped colloidal silica abrasives;    chemical mechanical polishing;    seed-induced growth;    time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy;    scanning electron microscopy;    CMP;    sapphire substrates;    surface roughness;    material removal rate;    inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry;    X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy;    cobalt aluminate;    tribochemistry reaction;    chemical effect;    Al2O3;    SiO2Co;   

DOI  :  10.1049/mnl.2015.0292

学科分类：计算机科学（综合）

来源: Wiley

【 摘 要 】

Introduction: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is now the gold standard for treatment of symptomatic gallstones. After this surgery patients suffer visceral and shoulder pain secondary to peritoneal insufflation. Use of intraperitoneal and port site instillation of local anesthetics has been used to reduce postoperative pain and decreases the need for intravenous opioids. Studies regarding comparison of intraperitoneal use of ropivacaine and bupivacaine to reduce postoperative pain are few. This study compared the efficacy of ropivacaine and bupivacaine in reducing postoperative pain after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Methodology: After ethical committee’s clearance and informed consent 100 patients with symptomatic cholelithiasis, aged 20-70 years, of either gender, ASA status I to III and within ± 20% of ideal body weight, scheduled for laparoscopic cholecystectomy were included. . Patients were randomized into two groups with 50 patients in each group. Group-B: Patients received 0.5% bupivacaine in a dose of 2 mg/kg diluted in normal saline to make a solution of 50 ml. Group-R: Patients received 0.75% ropivacaine in a dose of 2 mg/kg diluted in normal saline to make a solution of 50 ml. Drug was instilled intra-peritoneal through in situ placed infra-umbilical trocar before extubation. NIBP, HR, SpO2, VAS, verbal rating scale (VRS) and rescue analgesia were recorded immediately postoperatively and then regularly every hour for the next 12 hours. Results: HR, SBP and DBP were comparatively lower in Group-R than in Group-B. The VAS score was significantly lower in Group-R from postoperative 5th hr to 12th hr. Rescue analgesia was given when VAS was > 40. VRS score was significantly lower in Group-R from postoperative 7th hr, showing longer duration of analgesia in this group. The rescue analgesia requirement was also less in Group-R. Conclusion: We conclude that the instillation of bupivacaine and ropivacaine intraperitonelly is an effective method of postoperative pain relief in laparoscopic cholecystectomy. It provides good analgesia in immediate postoperative period with ropivacaine providing longer duration of analgesia.

【 授权许可】

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