Basic cadmium salts as phase-directing agent for the phase and morphology control of metal hydroxychlorides

Micro & nano letters

article

Hongtao Cui¹  Li Wang¹  Yanhong Li¹  Min Shi¹ 

[1] College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yantai University

关键词: crystal morphology;    cadmium compounds;    oxygen compounds;    copper compounds;    cobalt compounds;    zinc compounds;    tin compounds;    lead compounds;    crystal growth from solution;    basic cadmium salts;    phase directing agent;    phase control;    morphology control;    metal hydroxychlorides;    aqueous solution;    ethanolic solution;    bundle morphology;    sheet morphology;    hollow sphere morphology;    cube morphology;    CdOHCl;    Cd(OH)NO3;    Cu2(OH)3Cl;    Co2(OH)3Cl;    Zn5(OH)8Cl2(H2O);    Sn3O(OH)2Cl3;    PbOHCl;   

DOI  :  10.1049/mnl.2016.0719

学科分类：计算机科学（综合）

来源: Wiley

【 摘 要 】

Objectives: Ropivacaine and bupivacaine were compared in various combinations for orthopedic and obstetricspatients. We have compared the clinical efficacy of two combined spinal epidural drug regimens using equal volumeof 0.75% isobaric ropivacaine to 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine intrathecally, and 0.125% of the plain drug along withepidural opioid for elective lower abdominal surgeries.Methodology: 50 patients of ASA I or II of either sex, between 18 to 60 years of age scheduled for elective surgeryunder combined spinal and epidural anesthesia (CSEA) were randomly allocated into two groups. Bupivacaine group(B) received 3 ml of 0.5% bupivacaine intrathecally and 0.125% bupivacaine with fentanyl 2 μg/ml epidurally whileRopivacaine group (R), received 3 ml of 0.75% ropivacaine intrathecally and 0.125% ropivacaine with fentanyl 2 μg/mlepidurally. The two groups were compared for the onset of analgesia, onset of motor blockade, duration of analgesia,time for motor recovery and the haemodynamic variables.Results: There were no significant haemodynamic changes in both the groups. The onset of motor block was similarin both groups (4 min) but the onset of sensory block was faster with group B patients (4 min) as compared to groupR (6 min). The duration of analgesia and the time till the need for start of epidural infusion was longer in group B(221.60 + 10.677 min) when compared to group R (198.40 + 23.216 min). However, the time for regression of motorblockade was faster in group R (172.20 + 10.712 min) as compared to group B (205.20 + 13.423 min), facilitating earlyambulation of the patients.Conclusion: This study illustrates that both the regimens were comparable in terms of level of block, analgesia andhaemodynamic stability. Intrathecal ropivacaine and epidural ropivacaine with fentanyl was shown to result in adequatelevel of block, complete analgesia and haemodynamic stability. The onset of analgesia however was faster in patientswho received intrathecal bupivacaine.Citation: Reddy ACS, Singh N, Rao PB, Ramachandran TR, George SK, Bhumika N. Randomized double blindedcontrolled study of ropivacaine versus bupivacaine in combined spinal epidural anesthesia.

【 授权许可】

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