Environmental factors involved in SARS-CoV-2 transmission: effect and role of indoor environmental quality in the strategy for COVID-19 infection control

Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine

Naoki Kagi¹  Masayuki Ogata²  U Yanagi³  Hoon Kim⁴  Kenichi Azuma⁵  Motoya Hayashi⁶ 

[1] Department of Architecture and Building Engineering, School of Environment and Society, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 152-8550, Tokyo, Japan;Department of Architecture and Building Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 192-0397, Tokyo, Japan;Department of Architecture, School of Architecture, Kogakuin University, 163-8677, Tokyo, Japan;Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, 351-0197, Wako, Japan;Department of Environmental Medicine and Behavioral Science, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, 377-2 Ohnohigashi, 589-8511, Osakasayama, Japan;Laboratory of Environmental Space Design, Division of Architecture, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, 060-6826, Sapporo, Japan;

关键词: Air quality control;    COVID-19;    Environmental factor;    Indoor environment;    Precautionary approach;    SARS-CoV-2;    Pathway;    Ventilation;   

DOI  :  10.1186/s12199-020-00904-2

来源: Springer

【 摘 要 】

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a new zoonotic agent that emerged in December 2019, causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This infection can be spread by asymptomatic, presymptomatic, and symptomatic carriers. SARS-CoV-2 spreads primarily via respiratory droplets during close person-to-person contact in a closed space, especially a building. This article summarizes the environmental factors involved in SARS-CoV-2 transmission, including a strategy to prevent SARS-CoV-2 transmission in a building environment. SARS-CoV-2 can persist on surfaces of fomites for at least 3 days depending on the conditions. If SARS-CoV-2 is aerosolized intentionally, it is stable for at least several hours. SARS-CoV-2 is inactivated rapidly on surfaces with sunlight. Close-contact aerosol transmission through smaller aerosolized particles is likely to be combined with respiratory droplets and contact transmission in a confined, crowded, and poorly ventilated indoor environment, as suggested by some cluster cases. Although evidence of the effect of aerosol transmission is limited and uncertainty remains, adequate preventive measures to control indoor environmental quality are required, based on a precautionary approach, because COVID-19 has caused serious global damages to public health, community, and the social economy. The expert panel for COVID-19 in Japan has focused on the “3 Cs,” namely, “closed spaces with poor ventilation,” “crowded spaces with many people,” and “close contact.” In addition, the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare of Japan has been recommending adequate ventilation in all closed spaces in accordance with the existing standards of the Law for Maintenance of Sanitation in Buildings as one of the initial political actions to prevent the spread of COVID-19. However, specific standards for indoor environmental quality control have not been recommended and many scientific uncertainties remain regarding the infection dynamics and mode of SARS-CoV-2 transmission in closed indoor spaces. Further research and evaluation are required regarding the effect and role of indoor environmental quality control, especially ventilation.

【 授权许可】

CC BY