Putative Biomarkers and Targets of Estrogen Receptor Negative Human Breast Cancer

International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Ziad J. Sahab¹  Yan-Gao Man²  Stephen W. Byers¹ 

[1] Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20007, USA; E-Mail:;Diagnostic and Translational Research Center, Henry Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Gaithersburg, MD 20789, USA; E-Mail:

关键词: biomarker;    breast cancer;    chromatography;    DCIS;    electrophoresis;    estrogen receptor;    metastasis;    proteomics;   

DOI  :  10.3390/ijms12074504

来源: mdpi

【 摘 要 】

Breast cancer is a progressive and potentially fatal disease that affects women of all ages. Like all progressive diseases, early and reliable diagnosis is the key for successful treatment and annihilation. Biomarkers serve as indicators of pathological, physiological, or pharmacological processes. Her2/neu, CA15.3, estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and cytokeratins are biomarkers that have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration for disease diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy selection. The structural and functional complexity of protein biomarkers and the heterogeneity of the breast cancer pathology present challenges to the scientific community. Here we review estrogen receptor-related putative breast cancer biomarkers, including those of putative breast cancer stem cells, a minor population of estrogen receptor negative tumor cells that retain the stem cell property of self-renewal. We also review a few promising cytoskeleton targets for ER alpha negative breast cancer.

【 授权许可】

CC BY   
© 2011 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.