What’s New in Traumatic Brain Injury: Update on Tracking, Monitoring and Treatment

International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Cesar Reis¹  Yuechun Wang²  Onat Akyol²  Wing Mann Ho²  Richard Applegate II¹  Gary Stier¹  Robert Martin¹  John H. Zhang¹ 

[1] Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA; E-Mails:;Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, 11041 Campus Street, Risley Hall, Room 219, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA; E-Mails:

关键词: traumatic brain injury;    neuroimaging;    electrophysiology;    stem cell;    hypothermia;    nano particle;    biomarker;    microdialysis;    proteomic;    genomic;   

DOI  :  10.3390/ijms160611903

来源: mdpi

【 摘 要 】

Traumatic brain injury (TBI), defined as an alteration in brain functions caused by an external force, is responsible for high morbidity and mortality around the world. It is important to identify and treat TBI victims as early as possible. Tracking and monitoring TBI with neuroimaging technologies, including functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), positron emission tomography (PET), and high definition fiber tracking (HDFT) show increasing sensitivity and specificity. Classical electrophysiological monitoring, together with newly established brain-on-chip, cerebral microdialysis techniques, both benefit TBI. First generation molecular biomarkers, based on genomic and proteomic changes following TBI, have proven effective and economical. It is conceivable that TBI-specific biomarkers will be developed with the combination of systems biology and bioinformation strategies. Advances in treatment of TBI include stem cell-based and nanotechnology-based therapy, physical and pharmaceutical interventions and also new use in TBI for approved drugs which all present favorable promise in preventing and reversing TBI.

【 授权许可】

CC BY   
© 2015 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.