Age of the Association between Helicobacter pylori and Man

PLoS Pathogens

Martin Nieuwoudt¹  Lawrence Mugisha²  Carina M. Schlebusch³  Himla Soodyall³  Steffi Bernhöft⁴  James Hale⁴  Schalk W. van der Merwe⁵  Bodo Linz⁶  Robert P. Bond⁷  Yoshan Moodley⁷  Sebastian Suerbaum⁷  Mark Achtman⁸ 

[1] Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America;Environmental Research Institute and Department of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland;Hepatology and GI-Research Laboratory, Department of Immunology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa;Human Genomic Diversity and Disease Research Unit, Division of Human Genetics, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand/National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa;Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany;Konrad Lorenz Institute for Ethology, Department of Integrative Biology and Evolution, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria;Max-Planck-Institut für Infektionsbiologie, Department of Molecular Biology, Berlin, Germany;Ngamba Island Chimpanzee Sanctuary, Entebbe, Uganda

关键词: Helicobacter pylori;    Africa;    Haplotypes;    Mitochondrial DNA;    Phylogeography;    Chimpanzees;    Europe;    Biopsy;   

DOI  :  10.1371/journal.ppat.1002693

学科分类：生物科学（综合）

来源: Public Library of Science

【 摘 要 】

When modern humans left Africa ca. 60,000 years ago (60 kya), they were already infected with Helicobacter pylori, and these bacteria have subsequently diversified in parallel with their human hosts. But how long were humans infected by H. pylori prior to the out-of-Africa event? Did this co-evolution predate the emergence of modern humans, spanning the species divide? To answer these questions, we investigated the diversity of H. pylori in Africa, where both humans and H. pylori originated. Three distinct H. pylori populations are native to Africa: hpNEAfrica in Afro-Asiatic and Nilo-Saharan speakers, hpAfrica1 in Niger-Congo speakers and hpAfrica2 in South Africa. Rather than representing a sustained co-evolution over millions of years, we find that the coalescent for all H. pylori plus its closest relative H. acinonychis dates to 88–116 kya. At that time the phylogeny split into two primary super-lineages, one of which is associated with the former hunter-gatherers in southern Africa known as the San. H. acinonychis, which infects large felines, resulted from a later host jump from the San, 43–56 kya. These dating estimates, together with striking phylogenetic and quantitative human-bacterial similarities show that H. pylori is approximately as old as are anatomically modern humans. They also suggest that H. pylori may have been acquired via a single host jump from an unknown, non-human host. We also find evidence for a second Out of Africa migration in the last 52,000 years, because hpEurope is a hybrid population between hpAsia2 and hpNEAfrica, the latter of which arose in northeast Africa 36–52 kya, after the Out of Africa migrations around 60 kya.

【 授权许可】

CC BY