Immunization with a recombinant subunit OspA vaccine markedly impacts the rate of newly acquired Borrelia burgdorferi infections in client-owned dogs living in a coastal community in Maine, USA

Particle and Fibre Toxicology

Kristen Mugnai¹  Andrew K Eschner² 

[1] Coastal Veterinary Care, 161 Gardiner Road, Wiscasset 04578, ME, USA;Merial Limited, 3239 Satellite Boulevard NW, Duluth 30096, GA, USA

关键词: Antibodies;    Veterinary;    OspA;    Recombinant;    Vaccine;    Borreliosis;    Lyme;    Canine;    Borrelia burgdorferi;   

Others  :  1146941
DOI  :  10.1186/s13071-015-0676-x

 received in 2014-11-13, accepted in 2015-01-20,  发布年份 2015

【 摘 要 】

Background

In North America, Borrelia burgdorferi is the causative bacterial agent of canine Lyme borreliosis and is transmitted following prolonged attachment and feeding of vector ticks, Ixodes scapularis or Ixodes pacificus. Its prevention is predicated upon tick-avoidance, effective on-animal tick control and effective immunization strategies. The purpose of this study is to characterize dogs that are newly seropositive for Borrelia burgdorferi infection in relation to compliant use of a recombinant OspA canine Lyme borreliosis vaccine. Specifically, Preventive Fractions (PF) and Risk Ratios (RR) associated with the degree of vaccine compliancy (complete versus incomplete) are determined.

Methods

6,202 dogs were tested over a five year period in a single veterinary hospital utilizing a non-adjuvanted, recombinant OspA vaccine according to a 0, 1, 6 month (then yearly) protocol. Rates of newly acquired “Lyme-positive” antibody test results were compared between protocol compliant and poorly compliant (incompletely and/or non-vaccinated) dogs.

Results

Over the five-year span, one percent (range 0.39 - 1.3) of protocol compliant vaccinated, previously antibody negative dogs became seropositive for infection. Approximately twenty-one percent (range 16.8 – 33.3) of incompletely vaccinated dogs became positive for infection-specific antibodies. The Preventative Fraction for testing positive for antibodies specific for infection with Borrelia burgdorferi in any given year based on optimal vaccine compliance was, on average, 95.3% (range 93.29 - 98.08). The Risk Ratio for becoming infected with Borrelia burgdorferi antibodies in any given year if vaccine non-compliant was 21.41 (range 14.9 – 52.1). There was a high statistically significant relationship (p = <0.0001) in the observed data in terms of vaccination protocol compliance and the probability of Borrelia burgdorferi infection in each of the five years under study.

Conclusions

The recombinant outer surface protein A (rOspA) vaccine for dogs is highly effective in preventing new seropositive cases of Borrelia burgdoferi infection over a five-year period in dogs living in an endemic area. Dogs that were vaccine protocol-compliant were significantly less likely to become infected (as indirectly assessed by antibody) with the agent of canine Lyme borreliosis as measured by Preventive Fraction and Risk Ratio calculations.

【 授权许可】

   
2015 Eschner and Mugnai; licensee BioMed Central.

【 参考文献 】

• [1]Lissman BA, Bosler EM, Camay H, Ormiston BG, Benach JL. Spirochete associated arthritis (Lyme disease) in a dog. JAVMA. 1984; 185:219-20.
• [2]Straubinger RK, Straubinger AF, Summers BA, Jacobson RH, Erb HN. Clinical manifestations, pathogenesis, and effect of antibiotic treatment on Lyme borreliosis in dogs. Wien Klin Wochenschr. 1998; 110(24):874-81.
• [3]Stanek G, Fingerle V, Hunfeld KP, Jaulhac B, Kaiser R, Krause A et al.. Lyme borreliosis: clinical case definitions for diagnosis and management in Europe. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2011; 17:69-79.
• [4]Piesman J, Schwan T. From ecology of borreliae and their arthropod vectors. In: Borrelia: molecular biology, host interaction and pathogenesis. 1st ed. Samuels RA, Radolf JD, editors. Caister Academic Press, Norfolk UK; 2010: p.261-78.
• [5]Straubinger RK, Straubinger AF, Harter L, Jacobson RH, Chang YF, Summers BA et al.. Borrelia burgdorferi migrates into joint capsules and causes an up-regulation of interleukin-8 in synovial membranes of dogs experimentally infected with ticks. Infect Immun. 1997; 65:1273-85.
• [6]Chu HJ, Chavez LG, Blumer BM, Sebring RW, Wasmoen TL, Acree WM. Immunogenicity and efficacy study of a commercial Borrelia burgdorferi bacterin. JAVMA. 1992; 201:403-11.
• [7]LaFleur RL, Dant JC, Wasmoen TL, Callister SM, Jobe DA, Lovrich SD et al.. Bacterin that induces anti-OspA and anti-OspC borreliacidal antibodies provides a high level of protection against canine lyme disease. Clin Vacc Immun. 2009; 16:253-9.
• [8]LaFleur RL, Callister SM, Dant JC, Jobe DA, Lovrich SD, Warner TF et al.. One-year duration of immunity induced by vaccination with a canine lyme disease bacterin. Clin Vacc Immun. 2010; 17:870-4.
• [9]Wikle RE, Fretwell B, Jarecki M, Jarecki-Black JC. Canine lyme disease: one-year duration of immunity elicited with a canine OspA monovalent lyme vaccine. Intern J Appl Res Vet Med. 2006; 4:23-8.
• [10]Conlon JR, Mather TN, Tanner P, Gallo G, Jacobson RH. Efficacy of a nonadjuvanted, outer surface protein A, recombinant vaccine in dogs after challenge by ticks naturally infected with Borrelia burgdorferi. Vet Ther. 2000; 1:96-107.
• [11]Levy LA. Use of a C6 ELISA test to evaluate the efficacy of a whole-cell bacterin for the prevention of naturally transmitted canine Borrelia burgdorferi infection. Vet Thera. 2002; 3:420-4.
• [12]Levy SA, Lissman BA, Ficke CM. Performance of a Borrelia burgdorferi bacterin in Borreliosis-endemic areas. JAVMA. 1993; 202:1834-8.
• [13]Levy SA, Clark KK, Glickman LT. Infection rates in dogs vaccinated and not vaccinated with an OspA borrelia burgdorferi vaccine in a lyme disease-endemic area of connecticut. Intern J Appl Res Vet Med. 2005; 3:1-5.
• [14]Hebert D, Eschner A. Seroprevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi-specific C6 antibody in dogs before and after implementation of a recombinant, non-adjuvanted outer surface protein a vaccine in a Rhode island small animal clinic. Vet Thera. 2010; 11:1-8.
• [15]Appel MJG, Jacobson RH. CVT update: canine lyme disease. In: Kirk’s current veterinary therapy XII. Bonagura JD, editor. WB Saunders, Philadelphia; 1995: p.303-9.
• [16]Moore GE, Guptill LF, Ward MP, Glickman NW, Faunt KK, Lewis HB et al.. Adverse events diagnosed within three days of vaccine administration in dogs. JAVMA. 2005; 227:1102-8.
• [17]Topfer KH, Straubinger RK. Characterization of the humoral immune response in dogs after vaccination against the Lyme borreliosis agent - a study with five commercial vaccines using two different vaccination schedules. Vaccine. 2005; 25:314-26.
• [18]Van HC, Lebacq E, Beran J, Parenti D. Alternative vaccination schedules (0, 1 and 6 months versus 0, 1 and 12 months) for a recombinant OspA lyme disease vaccine. Clin Infect Dis. 1999; 28:1260-4.
• [19]IDEXX company website [https://www.idexx.com/smallanimal/inhouse/snap/4dx.html]
• [20]Measures of Association (Boston University School of Public Health). [http://sphweb.bumc.bu.edu/otlt/MPH-Modules/EP/EP713_Association/EP713_Association_print.html]
• [21]Comparison of lyme disease infection rates between fully and incompletely/non-vaccinated dogs. Fangzhi Guo, Yuanwen Wang, and Kim Love-Myers, Athens; 2014.