Acute effects of cigarette smoking on inflammation in healthy intermittent smokers

Respiratory Research

Nick HT ten Hacken³  Henk F Kauffman¹  Dorothea M de Reus¹  Judith M Vonk²  H Marike Boezen²  Brigitte WM Willemse⁴  Machteld N Hylkema⁴  Wim Timens⁴  Dirkje S Postma³  Hester van der Vaart³ 

[1] Department of Allergology University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands;Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands;Department of Pulmonology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands;Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands

关键词: Carbon Monoxide;    Tobacco;    Inflammation;    Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease;    Sputum;   

Others  :  1227325
DOI  :  10.1186/1465-9921-6-22

 received in 2004-09-28, accepted in 2005-03-01,  发布年份 2005

【 摘 要 】

Background

Chronic smoking is the main risk factor for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Knowledge on the response to the initial smoke exposures might enhance the understanding of changes due to chronic smoking, since repetitive acute smoke effects may cumulate and lead to irreversible lung damage.

Methods

We investigated acute effects of smoking on inflammation in 16 healthy intermittent smokers in an open randomised cross-over study. We compared effects of smoking of two cigarettes on inflammatory markers in exhaled air, induced sputum, blood and urine at 0, 1, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 96 and 192 hours and outcomes without smoking. All sputum and blood parameters were log transformed and analysed using a linear mixed effect model.

Results

Significant findings were: Smoking increased exhaled carbon monoxide between 0 and 1 hour, and induced a greater decrease in blood eosinophils and sputum lymphocytes between 0 and 3 hours compared to non-smoking. Compared to non-smoking, smoking induced a greater interleukin-8 release from stimulated blood cells between 0 and 3 hours, and a greater increase in sputum lymphocytes and neutrophils between 3 and 12 hours.

Conclusion

We conclude that besides an increase in inflammation, as known from chronic smoking, there is also a suppressive effect of smoking two cigarettes on particular inflammatory parameters.

【 授权许可】

   
2005 van der Vaart et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

【 图 表 】

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