Staphylococcus aureus and Chronic Airway Disease

World Allergy Organization Journal

Claus Bachert¹  Marie-Noëlle Corriveau²  Koen Van Crombruggen¹  Claudina Pérez-Novo¹  Lara Derycke¹ 

[1] Upper Airway Research Laboratory (URL), Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, Belgium;Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Pavillon Saint-François d'Assise, Québec, Canada

关键词: superantigens;    innate and adaptive immune system;    Staphylococcus aureus;    nasal polyps;    chronic rhinosinusitis;   

Others  :  1180775
DOI  :  10.1097/WOX.0b013e3181ecd8ae

【 摘 要 】

Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is correlated with the development of persistent severe inflammatory disease of the upper airway including chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps. This inflammation of the upper airways is characterized by a T-helper 2-driven disease: interleukin-5 is significantly increased and local production of immunoglobulin E is observed. S. aureus and its enterotoxins are deregulating the tissue inflammation at different levels: structural cells and the innate and adaptive immune system. Knowing the triggers of the pathomechanisms involved will greatly help us to find new therapeutic approaches to resolve this chronic inflammatory process.

【 授权许可】

   
2010 World Allergy Organization; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

【 参考文献 】

• [1]Fokkens W, Lund V, Mullol J: European Position Paper on Rhinosinusitis and Nasal Polyps Group. EP3OS 2007: European position paper on rhinosinusitis and nasal polyps 2007. A summary for otorhinolaryngologists. Rhinology 2007, 45:97-101.
• [2]Bachert C, Van Bruaene N, Toskala E, Zhang N, Olze H, et al.: Important research questions in allergy and related diseases: 3-chronic rhinosinusitis and nasal polyposis - a GALEN study. Allergy 2009, 64:520-533.
• [3]Van Zele T, Gevaert P, Watelet JB, Claeys G, Holtappels G, et al.: Staphylococcus aureus colonization and IgE antibody formation to enterotoxins is increased in nasal polyposis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2004, 114:981-983.
• [4]Sanderson AR, Leid JG, Hunsaker D: Bacterial biofilms on the sinus mucosa of human subjects with chronic rhinosinusitis. Laryngoscope 2006, 116:1121-1126.
• [5]Kluytmans J, van Belkum A, Verbrugh H: Nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus: Epidemiology, underlying mechanisms, and associated risks. Clin Microbiol Rev 1997, 10:505-520.
• [6]Weidenmaier C, Kokai-Kun JF, Kristian SA, Chanturiya T, Kalbacher H, et al.: Role of teichoic acids in Staphylococcus aureus nasal colonization, a major risk factor in nosocomial infections. Nat Med 2004, 10:243-245.
• [7]Ferrara A, Dos Santos C, Lupi A: Effect of some fractions of alveolar surfactant (phospholipids and SP-A) on the bactericidal activity of different antimicrobials against some respiratory pathogens. Clin Microbiol Infect 2001, 7:114-119.
• [8]Proft T, Fraser JD: Bacterial superantigens. Clin Exp Immunol 2003, 133:299-306.
• [9]Li H, Llera A, Malchiodi EL, Mariuzza RA: The structural basis of T cell activation by superantigens. Annu Rev Immunol 1999, 17:435-466.
• [10]Van Zele T, Vaneechoutte M, Holtappels G, Gevaert P, van Cauwenberge P, Bachert C: Detection of enterotoxin DNA in Staphylococcus aureus strains obtained from the middle meatus in controls and nasal polyp patients. Am J Rhinol 2008, 22:223-227.
• [11]Corriveau MN, Zhang N, Holtappels G, Van Roy N, Bachert C: Detection of Staphylococcus aureus in nasal tissue with peptide nucleic acid-fluorescence in situ hybridization. Am J Rhinol Allergy 2009, 23:461-465.
• [12]Muraille E, De Trez C, Pajak B, Brait M, Urbain J, Leo O: T cell-dependent maturation of dendritic cells in response to bacterial superantigens. J Immunol 2002, 168:4352-4360.
• [13]Mandron M, Ariès MF, Brehm RD, Tranter HS, Acharya KR, Charveron M, Davrinche C: Human dendritic cells conditioned with Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin B promote TH2 cell polarization. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2006, 117:1141-1147.
• [14]Liu T, He SH, Zheng PY, Zhang TY, Wang BQ, Yang PC: Staphylococcal enterotoxin B increases TIM4 expression in human dendritic cells that drives naïve CD4 T cells to differentiate into Th2 cells. Mol Immunol 2007, 44:3580-3587.
• [15]Kirsche H, Niederführ A, Deutschle T, Fuchs C, Riechelmann H: Ratio of myeloid and plasmacytoid dendritic cells and TH2 skew in CRS with nasal polyps. Allergy 2010, 65:24-31.
• [16]Fournier B, Philpott DJ: Recognition of Staphylococcus aureus by the innate immune system. Clin Microbiol Rev 2005, 18:521-540.
• [17]Van Zele T, Coppieters F, Gevaert P, Holtappels G, Van Cauwenberge P, Bachert C: Local complement activation in nasal polyposis. Laryngoscope 2009, 119:1753-1758.
• [18]Dawicki W, Jawdat DW, Xu N, Marshall JS: Mast cells, histamine, and IL-6 regulate the selective influx of dendritic cell subsets into an inflamed lymph node. J Immunol 2010, 184:2116-2123.
• [19]Barrett NA, Austen KF: Innate cells and T helper 2 cell immunity in airway inflammation. Immunity 2009, 31:425-437.
• [20]Rocha-de-Souza CM, Berent-Maoz B, Mankuta D, Moses AE, Levi-Schaffer F: Human mast cell activation by Staphylococcus aureus: Interleukin-8 and tumor necrosis factor alpha release and the role of Toll-like receptor 2 and CD48 molecules. Infect Immun 2008, 76:4489-4497.
• [21]Patou J, Gevaert P, Van Zele T, Holtappels G, van Cauwenberge P, Bachert C: Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin B, protein A, and lipoteichoic acid stimulations in nasal polyps. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2008, 121:110-115.
• [22]Claeys S, De Belder T, Holtappels G, Gevaert P, Verhasselt B, Van Cauwenberge P, Bachert C: Macrophage mannose receptor in chronic sinus disease. Allergy 2004, 59:606-612.
• [23]Watanabe I, Ichiki M, Shiratsuchi A, Nakanishi Y: TLR2-mediated survival of Staphylococcus aureus in macrophages: A novel bacterial strategy against host innate immunity. J Immunol 2007, 178:4917-4925.
• [24]Van Zele T, Claeys S, Gevaert P, Van Maele G, Holtappels G, Van Cauwenberge P, Bachert C: Differentiation of chronic sinus diseases by measurement of inflammatory mediators. Allergy 2006, 61:1280-1289.
• [25]Van Bruaene N, Pérez-Novo CA, Basinski TM, Van Zele T, Holtappels G, et al.: T-cell regulation in chronic paranasal sinus disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2008, 121:1435-1441. 1441.e1-1441.e3
• [26]Zhang N, Van Zele T, Perez-Novo C, Van Bruaene N, Holtappels G, et al.: Different types of T-effector cells orchestrate mucosal inflammation in chronic sinus disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2008, 122:961-968.
• [27]Bachert C, Gevaert P, Holtappels G, Johansson SG, van Cauwenberge P: Total and specific IgE in nasal polyps is related to local eosinophilic inflammation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2001, 107:607-614.
• [28]Zhang N, Gevaert P, van Zele T, Perez-Novo C, Patou J, et al.: An update on the impact of Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxins in chronic sinusitis with nasal polyposis. Rhinology 2005, 43:162-168.
• [29]Van Zele T, Gevaert P, Holtappels G, van Cauwenberge P, Bachert C: Local immunoglobulin production in nasal polyposis is modulated by superantigens. Clin Exp Allergy 2007, 37:1840-1847.
• [30]Gevaert P, Holtappels G, Johansson SG, Cuvelier C, Cauwenberge P, Bachert C: Organization of secondary lymphoid tissue and local IgE formation to Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxins in nasal polyp tissue. Allergy 2005, 60:71-79.
• [31]Palmqvist N, Silverman GJ, Josefsson E, Tarkowski A: Bacterial cell wall expressed protein A triggers supraclonal B-cell responses upon in vivo infection with Staphylococcus aureus. Microbes Infect 2005, 7:1501-1511.
• [32]Graille M, Stura EA, Corper AL, Sutton BJ, Taussig MJ, Charbonnier JB, Silverman GJ: Crystal structure of a Staphylococcus aureus protein A domain complexed with the fragment of a human IgM antibody: Structural basis for recognition of B-cell receptors and superantigen activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000, 97:5399-5404.
• [33]Huvenne W, Callebaut I, Platinga M, Vanoirbeek JAJ, Krysko O, et al.: Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxins B facilitates allergic sensitization in experimental asthma. Clin Exp Allergy 2010, 40:1079-1090.
• [34]Van Bruaene N, Derycke L, Perez-Novo CA, Gevaert P, Holtappels G, et al.: TGF-beta signaling and collagen deposition in chronic rhinosinusitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2009, 124:253-259. 259.e1-259.e2
• [35]Quinn GA, Cole AM: Suppression of innate immunity by a nasal carriage strain of Staphylococcus aureus increases its colonization on nasal epithelium. Immunology 2007, 122:80-89.
• [36]Pérez-Novo CA, Waeytens A, Claeys C, Cauwenberge PV, Bachert C: Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin B regulates prostaglandin E2 synthesis, growth, and migration in nasal tissue fibroblasts. J Infect Dis 2008, 197:1036-1043.
• [37]Bachert C, Vignola AM, Gevaert P, Leynaert B, Van Cauwenberge P, Bousquet J: Allergic rhinitis, rhinosinusitis, and asthma: One airway disease. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2004, 24:19-43.
• [38]Bachert C, Patou J, Van Cauwenberge P: The role of sinus disease in asthma. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2006, 6:29-36.
• [39]Bresciani M, Paradis L, Des Roches A, Vernhet H, Vachier I, et al.: Rhinosinusitis in severe asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2001, 107:73-80.
• [40]Hollams E, Hales B, Bachert C, Huvenne W, Parsons F, et al.: Th2-associated immunity to bacteria in asthma in teenagers and susceptibility to asthma. Eur Respir J 2010. doi:10.1183/09031936.00184109
• [41]Fahrenholz JM: Natural history and clinical features of aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2003, 24:113-124.
• [42]Pérez-Novo CA, Kowalski ML, Kuna P, Ptasinska A, Holtappels G, et al.: Aspirin sensitivity and IgE antibodies to Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxins in nasal polyposis: Studies on the relationship. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2004, 133:255-260.
• [43]Pérez-Novo CA, Holtappels G, Vinall SL, Xue L, Zhang N, Bachert C, Pettipher R: CRTH2 mediates the activation of human Th2 cells in response to PGD(2) released from IgE/anti-IgE treated nasal polyp tissue. Allergy 2010, 65:304-310.
• [44]Harvey RJ, Wallwork BD, Lund VJ: Anti-inflammatory effects of macrolides: Applications in chronic rhinosinusitis. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2009, 29:689-703.
• [45]Van Zele T, Gevaert P, Holtappels G, Beule A, Wormald PJ, et al.: Oral steroids and doxycycline: Two different approaches to treat nasal polyps. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010, 125:1069-1076. e4
• [46]Costerton JW, Stewart PS, Greenberg EP: Bacterial biofilms: A common cause of persistent infections. Science 1999, 284:1318-1322.
• [47]Huvenne W, van Bruaene N, Zhang N, van Zele T, Patou J, et al.: Chronic rhinosinusitis with and without nasal polyps: What is the difference? Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2009, 9:213-220.
• [48]García-Lara J, Foster SJ: Anti-Staphylococcus aureus immunotherapy: Current status and prospects. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2009, 9:552-557.
• [49]Hanlon GW: Bacteriophages: An appraisal of their role in the treatment of bacterial infections. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2007, 30:118-128.
• [50]Sass P, Bierbaum G: Lytic activity of recombinant bacteriophage phi11 and phi12 endolysins on whole cells and biofilms of Staphylococcus aureus. Appl Environ Microbiol 2007, 73:347-352.
• [51]Son JS, Lee SJ, Jun SY, Yoon SJ, Kang SH, et al.: Antibacterial and biofilm removal activity of a podoviridae Staphylococcus aureus bacteriophage SAP-2 and a derived recombinant cell-wall-degrading enzyme. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2010, 86:1439-1449.
• [52]Gevaert P, Lang-Loidolt D, Lackner A, Stammberger H, Staudinger H, et al.: Nasal IL-5 levels determine the response to anti-IL-5 treatment in patients with nasal polyps. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2006, 118:1133-1141.
• [53]Verbruggen K, Van Cauwenberge P, Bachert C: Anti-IgE for the treatment of allergic rhinitis-and eventually nasal polyps? Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2009, 148:87-98.