Effects of 7 days on an ad libitum low-fat vegan diet: the McDougall Program cohort

Nutrition Journal

Katelin Mae Petersen⁴  Kelly Richardson⁵  John S Finnell²  Bradley Saul⁶  Gavin Moloney⁴  Craig McDougall¹  Laurie E Thomas³  John McDougall⁴ 

[1] Healthy Living Program, Northwest Permanente, Beaverton, OR, USA;AOMA Graduate School of Integrative Medicine, Austin, TX, USA;Madison, NJ, USA;Dr. McDougall’s Health and Medical Center, PO Box 14039, Santa Rosa, CA 95402, USA;Richardson Statistical Consulting, Iowa City, IA, USA;Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA

关键词: Heart disease;    Weight loss;    Type 2 diabetes;    Hyperlipidemia;    Cholesterol;    Hypertension;    Vegetarian diet;    Vegan diet;    Low-fat diet;   

Others  :  1132461
DOI  :  10.1186/1475-2891-13-99

 received in 2014-07-07, accepted in 2014-09-24,  发布年份 2014

【 摘 要 】

Background

Epidemiologic evidence, reinforced by clinical and laboratory studies, shows that the rich Western diet is the major underlying cause of death and disability (e.g, from cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes) in Western industrialized societies. The objective of this study is to document the effects that eating a low-fat (≤10% of calories), high-carbohydrate (~80% of calories), moderate-sodium, purely plant-based diet ad libitum for 7 days can have on the biomarkers of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes.

Methods

Retrospective analysis of measurements of weight, blood pressure, blood sugar, and blood lipids and estimation of cardiovascular disease risk at baseline and day 7 from 1615 participants in a 10-day residential dietary intervention program from 2002 to 2011. Wilcoxon’s signed-rank test was used for testing the significance of changes from baseline.

Results

The median (interquartile range, IQR) weight loss was 1.4 (1.8) kg (p < .001). The median (IQR) decrease in total cholesterol was 22 (29) mg/dL (p < .001). Even though most antihypertensive and antihyperglycemic medications were reduced or discontinued at baseline, systolic blood pressure decreased by a median (IQR) of 8 (18) mm Hg (p < .001), diastolic blood pressure by a median (IQR) of 4 (10) mm Hg (p < .001), and blood glucose by a median (IQR) of 3 (11) mg/dL (p < .001). For patients whose risk of a cardiovascular event within 10 years was >7.5% at baseline, the risk dropped to 5.5% (>27%) at day 7 (p < .001).

Conclusions

A low-fat, starch-based, vegan diet eaten ad libitum for 7 days results in significant favorable changes in commonly tested biomarkers that are used to predict future risks for cardiovascular disease and metabolic diseases.

【 授权许可】

   
2014 McDougall et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

【 参考文献 】

• [1]The Top 10 Causes of Death. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2014.
• [2]Chen J, Campbell TC, Li J, Peto R: Diet, Life-Style and Mortality in China: A Study of the Characteristics of 65 Chinese Counties. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press; 1990.
• [3]Menotti A, Kromhout D, Blackburn H, Fidanza F, Buzina R, Nissinen A: Food intake patterns and 25-year mortality from coronary heart disease: cross-cultural correlations in the Seven Countries Study. The Seven Countries Study Research Group. Eur J Epidemiol 1999, 15:507-515.
• [4]Kida K, Takemoto K, Yang SW, Likitmaskul S: Effects of Western diet on risk factors of chronic diseases in Asia. In Preventive Nutrition: The Comprehensive Guide for Health Professionals. Edited by Bendich A, Deckelbaum RJ. New York, NY: Humana Press; 2005.
• [5]Hindhede M: Vegetarian experiment with a population of 3 million: the effect of food restriction on mortality in Copenhagen during war. JAMA 1920., 74
• [6]Young FG, Richardson KC, Lawrence RD, Himsworth HP, Harris H, Crofton WM, Walker M, Hilton SM: Discussion on the cause of diabetes. Proc R Soc Med 1949, 42:321-330.
• [7]Englert HS, Diehl HA, Greenlaw RL, Willich SN, Aldana S: The effect of a community-based coronary risk reduction: the Rockford CHIP. Prev Med 2007, 44:513-519.
• [8]Hays NP, Starling RD, Liu X, Sullivan DH, Trappe TA, Fluckey JD, Evans WJ: Effects of an ad libitum low-fat, high-carbohydrate diet on body weight, body composition, and fat distribution in older men and women: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Intern Med 2004, 164:210-217.
• [9]Roberts CK, Barnard RJ: Effects of exercise and diet on chronic disease. J Appl Physiol 2005, 98:3-30.
• [10]Beard CM, Barnard RJ, Robbins DC, Ordovas JM, Schaefer EJ: Effects of diet and exercise on qualitative and quantitative measures of LDL and its susceptibility to oxidation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1996, 16:201-207.
• [11]Ferdowsian HR, Barnard ND: Effects of plant-based diets on plasma lipids. Am J Cardiol 2009, 104:947-956.
• [12]Kempner W: Treatment of hypertensive vascular disease with rice diet. Arch Intern Med 1974, 133:758-790.
• [13]Ornish D, Weidner G, Fair WR, Marlin R, Pettengill EB, Raisin CJ, Dunn-Emke S, Crutchfield L, Jacobs FN, Barnard RJ, Aronson WJ, McCormac P, McKnight DJ, Fein JD, Dnistrian AM, Weinstein J, Ngo TH, Mendell NR, Carroll PR: Intensive lifestyle changes may affect the progression of prostate cancer. J Urol 2005, 174:1065-1069.
• [14]Barnard RJ, Massey MR, Cherny S, O’Brien LT, Pritikin N: Long-term use of a high-complex-carbohydrate, high-fiber, low-fat diet and exercise in the treatment of NIDDM patients. Diabetes Care 1983, 6:268-273.
• [15]Goff DC Jr, Lloyd-Jones DM, Bennett G, Coady S, D’Agostino RB Sr, Gibbons R, Greenland P, Lackland DT, Levy D, O’Donnell CJ, Robinson J, Schwartz JS, Shero ST, Smith SC Jr, Sorlie P, Stone NJ, Wilson PW: ACC/AHA guideline on the assessment of cardiovascular risk: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation 2013., 2013
• [16]Evert AB, Boucher JL, Cypress M, Dunbar SA, Franz MJ, Mayer-Davis EJ, Neumiller JJ, Nwankwo R, Verdi CL, Urbanski P, Yancy WS Jr: Nutrition therapy recommendations for the management of adults with diabetes. Diabetes Care 2014, 37(Suppl 1):S120-S143.
• [17]Craig WJ, Mangels AR, American Dietetic Association: Position of the American Dietetic Association: vegetarian diets. J Am Diet Assoc 2009, 109:1266-1282.
• [18]Know your fats [https://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/Conditions/Cholesterol/PreventionTreatmentofHighCholesterol/Know-Your-Fats_UCM_305628_Article.jsp webcite]
• [19]Abramson JD, Rosenberg HG, Jewell N, Wright JM: Should people at low risk of cardiovascular disease take a statin? BMJ 2013, 347:f6123.
• [20]Boussageon R, Bejan-Angoulvant T, Saadatian-Elahi M, Lafont S, Bergeonneau C, Kassai B, Erpeldinger S, Wright JM, Gueyffier F, Cornu C: Effect of intensive glucose lowering treatment on all cause mortality, cardiovascular death, and microvascular events in type 2 diabetes: meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ 2011, 343:d4169.
• [21]Dreyer NA, Tunis SR, Berger M, Ollendorf D, Mattox P, Gliklich R: Why observational studies should be among the tools used in comparative effectiveness research. Health Aff (Millwood) 2010, 29:1818-1825.
• [22]Fung TT, van Dam RM, Hankinson SE, Stampfer M, Willett WC, Hu FB: Low-carbohydrate diets and all-cause and cause-specific mortality: two cohort studies. Ann Intern Med 2010, 153:289-298.
• [23]Lagiou P, Sandin S, Lof M, Trichopoulos D, Adami HO, Weiderpass E: Low carbohydrate-high protein diet and incidence of cardiovascular diseases in Swedish women: prospective cohort study. BMJ 2012, 344:e4026.
• [24]Noto H, Goto A, Tsujimoto T, Noda M: Low-carbohydrate diets and all-cause mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. PLoS One 2013, 8:e55030.