Is the relationship between the built environment and physical activity moderated by perceptions of crime and safety?

International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity

Abby C King⁴  Lawrence D Frank¹  Kelli L Cain³  Jacqueline Kerr³  Brian E Saelens²  James F Sallis³  Terry L Conway³  Jordan A Carlson³  Rachel A Millstein⁵  Nicole L Bracy⁶ 

[1] School of Community and Regional Planning, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC, #433-6333 Memorial Road, Vancouver BC V6T 1Z2, Canada;Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington & Seattle Children’s Research Institute, 2001 Eighth Avenue, Suite 400, Seattle, WA 98121, USA;Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 3900 Fifth Avenue, Suite 310, San Diego, CA 92103, USA;Department of Health Research & Policy and Stanford Prevention Research Center, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, 259 Campus Drive, HRP Redwood Building, T221, Stanford, CA 94305-5405, USA;SDSU/UCSD Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, 3900 Fifth Avenue, Suite 310, San Diego, CA 92103, USA;Harder + Company Community Research and San Diego State University, School of Public Affairs, 3965 Fifth Avenue, Suite 420, San Diego, CA 92103, USA

关键词: Transportation;    Traffic;    Walkability;    Social environment;    Parks;    Older adults;    Ecological models;   

Others  :  805250
DOI  :  10.1186/1479-5868-11-24

 received in 2013-03-02, accepted in 2014-02-14,  发布年份 2014

【 摘 要 】

Background

Direct relationships between safety concerns and physical activity have been inconsistently patterned in the literature. To tease out these relationships, crime, pedestrian, and traffic safety were examined as moderators of built environment associations with physical activity.

Methods

Exploratory analyses used two cross-sectional studies of 2068 adults ages 20–65 and 718 seniors ages 66+ with similar designs and measures. The studies were conducted in the Baltimore, Maryland-Washington, DC and Seattle-King County, Washington regions during 2001–2005 (adults) and 2005–2008 (seniors). Participants were recruited from areas selected to sample high- and low- income and walkability. Independent variables perceived crime, traffic, and pedestrian safety were measured using scales from validated instruments. A GIS-based walkability index was calculated for a street-network buffer around each participant’s home address. Outcomes were total physical activity measured using accelerometers and transportation and leisure walking measured with validated self-reports (IPAQ-long). Mixed effects regression models were conducted separately for each sample.

Results

Of 36 interactions evaluated across both studies, only 5 were significant (p < .05). Significant interactions did not consistently support a pattern of highest physical activity when safety was rated high and environments were favorable. There was not consistent evidence that safety concerns reduced the beneficial effects of favorable environments on physical activity. Only pedestrian safety showed evidence of a consistent main effect with physical activity outcomes, possibly because pedestrian safety items (e.g., crosswalks, sidewalks) were not as subjective as those on the crime and traffic safety scales.

Conclusions

Clear relationships between crime, pedestrian, and traffic safety with physical activity levels remain elusive. The development of more precise safety variables and the use of neighborhood-specific physical activity outcomes may help to elucidate these relationships.

【 授权许可】

   
2014 Bracy et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

【 图 表 】

Figure 1.

Figure 2.

Figure 3.

Figure 4.

Figure 5.

【 参考文献 】

• [1]Troiano RP, Berrigan D, Dodd KW, Masse LC, Tilert T, McDowell M: Physical activity in the United States measured by accelerometer. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2008, 40(1):181-188.
• [2]Berke EM, Koepsell TD, Moudon AV, Hoskins RE, Larson EB: Association of the built environment with physical activity and obesity in older persons. Am J Public Health 2007, 97:486-492.
• [3]Mowen A, Orsega-Smith E, Payne L, Ainsworth B, Godbey G: The role of park proximity and social support in shaping park visitation, physical activity, and perceived health among older adults. J Phys Act Health 2005, 4:167-179.
• [4]Saelens BE, Handy SL: Built environment correlates of walking: a review. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2008, 40:S550-S566.
• [5]Bauman AE, Bull FC: Environmental correlates of physical activity and walking in adults and children: A review of the reviews. London, U.K: National Institute of Health and Clinical Excellence; 2007.
• [6]King AC, Castro C, Wilcox S, Eyler AA, Sallis JF, Brownson RC: Personal and environmental factors associated with physical activity among different racial-ethnic groups of U.S. middle-aged and older-aged women. J Health Psychol 2000, 19(4):354-364.
• [7]Owen N, Humpel N, Leslie E, Bauman AE, Sallis JF: Understanding environmental influences on walking: review and research agenda. Am J Prev Med 2004, 27:67-76.
• [8]Sallis JF, Owen N, Fisher EB: Ecological models of health behavior. In Health Behavior and Health Education: Theory, Research, and Practice. 4th edition. Edited by Glanz K, Rimer BK, Viswanath K. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass; 2008:465-486.
• [9]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Neighborhood safety and prevalence of physical inactivity in selected states, 1996. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1999, 48:143-146.
• [10]Giles-Corti B, Donovan R, Holman CD: Factors influencing the use of physical activity facilities: results from qualitative research. Health Promot J Austr 1996, 6(i):16-21.
• [11]DiGuiseppi C, Roberts L, Li L, Allen D: Determinants of car travel on daily journeys to school: cross sectional survey of primary school children. Br Med J 1998, 316:1426-1428.
• [12]Foster S, Giles-Corti B: The built environment, neighborhood crime and constrained physical activity: an exploration of inconsistent findings. Prev Med 2008, 47:241-251.
• [13]Van Cauwenberg J, De Bourdeaudhuij I, De Meester F, Van Dyck D, Salmon J, Clarys P, Deforche B: Relationship between the physical environment and physical activity in older adults: a systematic review. Health Place 2011, 17:458-469.
• [14]Li F, Fisher KJ, Brownson RC, Bosworth M: Multilevel modeling of built environment characteristics related to neighbourhood walking activity in older adults. J Epidemiol Community Health 2005, 59:558-564.
• [15]Mota J, Lacerda A, Santos MP, Ribeiro JC, Carvalho J: Perceived neighborhood environments and physical activity in an elderly sample. Percept Mot Skills 2007, 104:438-444.
• [16]Wilcox S, Bopp M, Oberrecht L, Kammermann S, McElmurray C: Psychosocial and perceived environmental correlates of physical activity in rural and older African-American and White women. J Gerontol Psychol Sci 2003, 58:329-337.
• [17]Frank LD, Sallis JF, Saelens BE, Leary L, Cain K, Conway TL, Hess PM: The development of a walkability index: Application to the Neighborhood Quality of Life Study. Br J Sports Med 2010, 44:924-933.
• [18]Sallis JF, Saelens BE, Frank LD, Conway TL, Slymen DJ, Cain KL, Chapman JE, Kerr J: Neighborhood built environment and income: Examining multiple health outcomes. Soc Sci Med 2009, 68:1285-1293.
• [19]King AC, Sallis JF, Frank LD, Saelens BE, Cain K, Conway TL, Chapman JE, Ahn DK, Kerr J: Aging in neighborhoods differing in walkability and income: Associations with physical activity and obesity in older adults. Soc Sci Med 2011, 73(10):1525-1533.
• [20]Cerin E, Leslie E, Owen N, Bauman A: An Australian version of the Neighborhood Environment Walkability Scale: validity evidence. Meas Phys Educ Exerc Sci 2008, 12:31-51.
• [21]De Bourdeaudhuij I, Sallis JF, Saelens BE: Environmental correlates of physical activity in a sample of Belgian adults. Am J Health Promot 2003, 18:83-92.
• [22]Saelens BE, Sallis JF, Black JB, Chen D: Neighborhood-based differences in physical activity: an environment scale evaluation. Am J Public Health 2003, 93:1552-1558.
• [23]Abercrombie LC, Sallis JF, Conway TL, Frank LD, Saelens BE, Chapman JE: Income and racial disparities in access to public parks and private recreation facilities. Am J Prev Med 2008, 34:9-15.
• [24]Welk GJ: Use of accelerometry-based activity monitors to assess physical activity. In Physical activity assessments for health-related research. Edited by Welk GJ. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics; 2002:125-142.
• [25]Buman MP, Hekler EB, Haskell WL, Pruitt L, Conway TL, Cain KL, Sallis JF, Saelens BE, Frank LD, King AC: Objective light-intensity physical activity associations with rated health in older adults. Am J Epidemiol 2010, 172(10):1155-1165.
• [26]Freedson PS, Melanson E, Sirard J: Calibration of the computer science and applications, Inc. accelerometer. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1998, 30:777-781.
• [27]Craig CL, Marshall AL, Sjostrom M, Bauman AE, Booth ML, Ainsworth BE, Pratt M, Ekelund U, Yngve A, Sallis JF, Oja P: International physical activity questionnaire: 12-country reliability and validity. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2003, 35:1381-1395.
• [28]Stewart AL, Mills KM, King AC, Haskell WL, Gillis D, Ritter PL: CHAMPS physical activity questionnaire for older adults: outcomes for interventions. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2001, 33:1126-1141.
• [29]Giles-Corti B, Timperio A, Bull F, Pikora T: Understanding physical activity environmental correlates: increased specificity for ecological models. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 2005, 33(4):175-181.
• [30]Sallis JF, Cervero RB, Ascher W, Henderson KA, Kraft MK, Kerr J: An ecological approach to creating active living communities. Annu Rev Public Health 2006, 27:297-322.
• [31]Saelens B, Sallis JF, Frank LD, Cain KL, Conway TL, Chapman JE, Slymen DJ, Kerr J: Neighborhood environment and psychosocial correlates of adults’ physical activity. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2012, 44(4):637-646.
• [32]Sallis JF, Slymen DJ, Conway TL, Frank LD, Saelens BE, Cain K, Chapman J: Income disparities in perceived neighborhood built and social environment attributes. Health Place 2011, 17(6):1274-1283.
• [33]Rountree PW, Land KC: Perceived risk versus fear of crime: empirical evidence of conceptually distinct reactions in survey data. Soc Forces 1996, 74(4):1353-1376.
• [34]Skogan WG: The impact of victimization on fear. Crime Delinq 1987, 33(1):135-154.
• [35]Lindquist JH, Duke J: The elderly victim at risk: explaining the fear-victimization paradox. Criminology 1987, 20:115-126.
• [36]Braungart M, Braungart R, Hoyer W: Age, sex, and social factors in fear of crime. Sociol Focus 1980, 13:55-66.
• [37]Clemente F, Kleiman MB: Fear of crime among the aged. Br J Criminol 1976, 22:49-62.
• [38]King AC, Toobert D, Ahn D, Resnicow K, Coday M, Riebe D, Garber CE, Hurtz S, Morton J, Sallis JF: Perceived environments as physical activity correlates and moderators of intervention in five studies. Am J Health Promot 2006, 21(1):24-35.
• [39]Ainsworth B, Wilcox S, Thompson W, Richter D, Henderson K: Personal, social, and physical environmental correlates of physical activity in African-American women in South Carolina. Am J Prev Med 2003, 25:23-29.
• [40]Lim K, Taylor L: Factors associated with physical activity among older people—a population-based study. Prev Med 2005, 40:33-40.
• [41]Young DR, Voorhees CC: Personal, social, and environmental correlates of physical activity in urban African-American women. Am J Prev Med 2003, 25:38-44.