International variation in neighborhood walkability, transit, and recreation environments using geographic information systems: the IPEN adult study

International Journal of Health Geographics

James F Sallis^1,11  Neville Owen^1,15  Duncan Macfarlane⁴  Rachel Davey⁹  Ester Cerin⁴  Nico Van de Weghe^1,12  José David Pinzón^1,10  Suzanne Mavoa^1,13  Poh-chin Lai¹  Adriano Akira Ferreira Hino⁶  Jan Dygrýn³  Lorinne du Toit²  Deborah Salvo^1,17  Neil Coffee⁵  Lars B Christiansen⁷  James Chapman^1,14  Graham Smith^1,16  Jasper Schipperijn⁷  Lawrence D Frank^1,14  Marc A Adams⁸ 

[1] Department of Geography, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China;University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia;Institut of Active Lifestyle, Faculty of Physical Culture, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic;Institute of Human Performance, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China;Spatial Epidemiology and Evaluation Research Group, School of Population Health, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, South Australia, Australia;Department of Physical Education, School of Health and Biosciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil;Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark;Exercise and Wellness Program, School of Nutrition and Health Promotion & Global Institute of Sustainability (GIOS), Arizona State University, 425 N. 5th Street (MC3020), Phoenix, Arizona;Centre for Research and Action in Public Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia;Urban Design Department, Fundación Universidad de Bogotá Jorge Tadeo Lozano, Bogotá, Colombia;Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of California, San Diego, USA;CartoGIS Research Group, Department of Geography, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium;SHORE and Whāriki Research Centre, School of Public Health, Massey University, New Zealand (Mavoa), McCaughey VicHealth Centre for Community Wellbeing, School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia;Urban Design 4 Health, Inc., Seattle, WA, USA;Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia;Institute for Environment, Sustainability and Regeneration, Staffordshire University, Stoke-on-Trent, United Kingdom;Nutrition and Health Sciences Research Center, National Institute of Public Health of Mexico, Cuernavaca, Mexico; Stanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA

关键词: Physical activity;    Parks;    Transportation;    International health;    Built environment;    Exercise;    Urban planning;    Walkability;   

Others  :  1136002
DOI  :  10.1186/1476-072X-13-43

 received in 2014-08-13, accepted in 2014-10-14,  发布年份 2014

【 摘 要 】

Background

The World Health Organization recommends strategies to improve urban design, public transportation, and recreation facilities to facilitate physical activity for non-communicable disease prevention for an increasingly urbanized global population. Most evidence supporting environmental associations with physical activity comes from single countries or regions with limited variation in urban form. This paper documents variation in comparable built environment features across countries from diverse regions.

Methods

The International Physical Activity and the Environment Network (IPEN) study of adults aimed to measure the full range of variation in the built environment using geographic information systems (GIS) across 12 countries on 5 continents. Investigators in Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Colombia, the Czech Republic, Denmark, China, Mexico, New Zealand, Spain, the United Kingdom, and the United States followed a common research protocol to develop internationally comparable measures. Using detailed instructions, GIS-based measures included features such as walkability (i.e., residential density, street connectivity, mix of land uses), and access to public transit, parks, and private recreation facilities around each participant’s residential address using 1-km and 500-m street network buffers.

Results

Eleven of 12 countries and 15 cities had objective GIS data on built environment features. We observed a 38-fold difference in median residential densities, a 5-fold difference in median intersection densities and an 18-fold difference in median park densities. Hong Kong had the highest and North Shore, New Zealand had the lowest median walkability index values, representing a difference of 9 standard deviations in GIS-measured walkability.

Conclusions

Results show that comparable measures can be created across a range of cultural settings revealing profound global differences in urban form relevant to physical activity. These measures allow cities to be ranked more precisely than previously possible. The highly variable measures of urban form will be used to explain individuals’ physical activity, sedentary behaviors, body mass index, and other health outcomes on an international basis. Present measures provide the ability to estimate dose–response relationships from projected changes to the built environment that would otherwise be impossible.

【 授权许可】

   
2014 Adams et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

【 图 表 】

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