Plasma levels of apolipoprotein-E in residents of the European North of Russia

Lipids in Health and Disease

Jon O Odland²  Natalya N Potolitsyna¹  Evgeny R Bojko¹  Anastasiya M Kaneva¹ 

[1] Institute of Physiology, Komi Science Center, Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Pervomaiskaya av. 50, Syktyvkar, 167982, Russia;Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromso, Tromso, Norge, NO-9037, Norway

关键词: Adaptation;    The North;    Age;    Lipid metabolism;    Apolipoprotein-E;   

Others  :  1160032
DOI  :  10.1186/1476-511X-12-43

 received in 2013-01-21, accepted in 2013-03-21,  发布年份 2013

【 摘 要 】

Background

Apolipoprotein-E (apoE) is one of the metabolically active apoproteins and plays an important role in lipid metabolism. However, there are no data on levels of apoE in residents of the North in spite of the fact that specific features of lipid metabolism in the northerners are described. The present work was designed to study plasma levels of apoE in residents of the European North of Russia.

Methods

A total of 937 native residents of the European North of Russia (463 men and 474 women) aged 13–60 years were included in the study. ApoE concentrations in the blood plasma were measured by immunoturbidimetric method.

Results

Plasma levels of apoE in residents of the European North of Russia were low. ApoE concentrations below the defined normal values were detected in 57.0% of the men and in 59.2% of the women. The mean plasma levels of apoE did not significantly differ in men and women (2.80 mg/dl vs 2.87 mg/dl). Plasma apoE concentrations in residents of the European North of Russia changed with age. Plasma levels of apoE decreased from 13 to 21 years in men and from 13 to 35 years in women and then increased in both sexes (p < 0.001).

Conclusion

The limits of variation of plasma apoE levels in residents of the European North of Russia shift towards lower values. Plasma levels of apoE below normal values were observed in approximately half of investigation subjects.

【 授权许可】

   
2013 Kaneva et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

【 参考文献 】

• [1]Rall SC, Weisgraber KH, Mahley RW: Human apolipoprotein E. The complete amino acid sequence. J Biol Chem 1982, 257:4171-4178.
• [2]Shore B, Shore V: Heterogeneity of human plasma very low density lipoproteins. Biochemistry 1973, 12:502-507.
• [3]Havel RJ, Kotite L, Vigne JL, Kane JP, Tun P, Phillips N, Chen GC: Radioimmunoassay of human arginine-rich apolipoprotein, apolipoprotein E. Concentration in blood plasma and lipoproteins as affected by apoprotein E-3 deficiency. J Clin Invest 1980, 66:1357-1362.
• [4]Mahley RW, Innerarite TL, Rall SC, Weisgraber KH: Plasma lipoproteins: apolipoprotein structure and function. J Lipid Res 1984, 25:1277-1294.
• [5]Mahley RW: Apolipoprotein E: cholesterol transport protein with expanding role in cell biology. Science 1988, 240:622-630.
• [6]Williams DL, Dowson PA, Newman TC, Rudel LL: Synthesis of apolipoprotein by peripheral tissues. Ann. NY Acad Sci 1985, 455:222-229.
• [7]Funke H, Boyles J, Weisgraber KH, Ludwig EH, Hui DY, Mahley RW: Uptake of apolipoprotein E-containing high density lipoproteins by hepatic parenchymal cells. Arteriosclerosis 1984, 4:452-461.
• [8]Koo C, Innerarity TL, Mahley RW: Obligatory role of cholesterol and apolipoprotein E in the formation of large cholesterol-enriched and receptor-active high density lipoproteins. J Biol Chem 1985, 260:11934-11943.
• [9]Eisenberg S: High density lipoprotein metabolism. J Lipid Res 1984, 25:1017-1058.
• [10]Vogel T, Guo NH, Guy R, Drezlich N, Krutzsch HC, Blake DA, Panet A, Roberts DD: Apolipoprotein E: a potent inhibitor of endothelial and tumor cell proliferation. J Cell Biochem 1994, 54:299-308.
• [11]Hayek T, Oiknine J, Brook JC, Aviram M: Increased plasma and lipoprotein lipid peroxidation in apo E-deficient mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1994, 201:1567-1574.
• [12]Mabile L, Lefebvre C, Lavigne J, Boulet L, Davignon J, Lussier-Cacan S, Bernier L: Secreted apolipoprotein E reduces macrophage-mediated LDL oxidation in an isoform-dependent way. J Cellular Biochemistry 2003, 90:766-776.
• [13]Pham T, Kodyawala A, Hui DY: The receptor binding domain of apolipoprotein E is responsible for its antioxidant activity. Biochemistry 2005, 44:7577-7582.
• [14]Kelly ME, Clay MA, Mistry MJ, Hsieh-Li HM, Harmony JA: Apolipoprotein E inhibition of proliferation of mitogen-activated T lymphocytes: production of interleukin 2 with reduced biological activity. Cell Immunol 1994, 159:124-139.
• [15]Ali K, Middleton M, Pure E, Rader DJ: Apolipoprotein E suppresses the type I inflammatory response in vivo. Circ Res 2005, 97:922-927.
• [16]Boiko ER, Kaneva AM: Apoprotein E and its availability in clinical physiology. Usp Fiziol Nauk 2009, 40:3-15.
• [17]Hofker MH, van Vlijmen BJ, Havekes LM: Transgenic mouse models to study the role of APOE in hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 1998, 13:1-11.
• [18]Bock HH, Herz J, May P: Conditional animal models for the study of lipid metabolism and lipid disorders. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2007, 178:407-439.
• [19]Huang Y, Ji Z-S, Brecht WJ, Rall SC, Taylor JM, Mahley RW: Overexpression of apolipoprotein E3 in transgenic rabbits causes combined hyperlipidemia by stimulating hepatic VLDL production and impairing VLDL lipolysis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1999, 19:2952-2959.
• [20]Mahley RW, Huang Y, Rall SC: Pathogenesis of type III hyperlipoproteinemia (dysbetalipoproteinemia): questions, quandaries, and paradoxes. J Lipid Res 1999, 40:1933-1949.
• [21]Utermann G, Hees M, Steinmetz A: Polymorphism of apolipoprotein E and occurrence of dysbetalipoproteinaemia in man. Nature 1977, 269:604-607.
• [22]Breslow JL: Apolipoprotein genetic variation and human disease. Physiol Rev 1988, 68:85-132.
• [23]Siest G, Pillot T, Regis-Bailly A, Leininger-Muller B, Steinmetz J, Galteau MM, Visvikis S: Apolipoprotein E: an important gene and protein to follow in laboratory medicine. Clin Сhem 1995, 41:1068-1086.
• [24]Mahley RW, Rall SC: Apolipoprotein E: far more than a lipid transport protein. Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet 2000, 1:507-537.
• [25]Haddy N, De Bacquer D, Chemaly MM, Maurice M, Ehnholm C, Evans A, Sans S, Martins MC, De Backer G, Siest G, Visvikis S: The importance of plasma apolipoprotein E concentration in addition to its common polymorphism on inter-individual variation in lipid levels: results from Apo Europe. Europ J Hum Genetics 2002, 10:841-850.
• [26]Liberopoulos EN, Miltiadous GA, Cariolou M, Tselepis AD, Siamopoulos KC, Elisaf MS: The influence of serum apolipoprotein E concentration and polymorphism on serum lipid parameters in hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 2004, 442:300-308.
• [27]Kobori S, Nakamura N, Uzawa H, Shichiri M: Influence of apolipoprotein E polymorphism on plasma lipid and apolipoprotein levels, and clinical characteristics of type III hyperlipoproteinemia due to apolipoprotein E phenotype E2/2 in Japan. Atherosclerosis 1988, 69:81-88.
• [28]Hanis CL, Hewett-Emmett D, Douglas TC, Bertin TK, Schull WJ: Effects of the apolipoprotein E polymorphism on levels of lipids, lipoproteins, and apolipoproteins among Mexican-Americans in Starr County, Texas. Arterioscler Thromb 1991, 11:362-370.
• [29]Gerdes LU, Klausen IC, Sihm I, Faergeman O: Apolipoprotein E polymorphism in a Danish population compared to findings in 45 other study populations around the world. Genet Epidemiol 1992, 9:155-167.
• [30]Gregg RE, Zech LA, Schaefer EJ, Brewer HB: Apolipoprotein E metabolism in normolipoproteinemic human subjects. J Lipid Res 1984, 25:1167-1176.
• [31]Au YPT, Bren ND, Kottke BA: A rapid apolipoprotein E radioimmunoassay using solid-phase Staphylococcus protein. Use of pooled plasma as a secondary standard. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1986, 138:455-462.
• [32]Liu M, Liu B: Serum apolipoprotein E levels in 238 healthy adults and 161 hyperlipidemic subjects in Chengdu area. Hua Xi Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao 1992, 23:261-263.
• [33]Phillips NR, Havel RJ, Kane JP: Sex-related differences in the concentrations of apolipoprotein E in human blood plasma and plasma lipoproteins. J Lipid Res 1983, 24:1525-1531.
• [34]Noma A, Hata Y, Goto Y: Quantitation of serum apolipoprotein A-I, A-II, B, C-II, C-III and E in healthy Japanese by turbidimetric immunoassay: reference values, and age- and sex-related differences. Clin Chim Acta 1991, 199:147-157.
• [35]Schiele F, De Bacquer D, Vincent-Viry M, Beisiegel U, Ehnholm C, Evans A, Kafatos A, Martins MC, Sans S, Sass C, Visvikis S, De Backer G, Siest G: Apolipoprotein E serum concentration and polymorphism in six European countries: the ApoEurope project. Atherosclerosis 2000, 152:475-488.
• [36]Vincent-Viry M, Schiele F, Gueguen R, Bohnet K, Visvikis S, Siest G: Biological variations and genetic reference values for apolipoprotein E serum concentrations: results from the STANISLAS cohort study. Clin Chem 1998, 44:957-965.
• [37]Bang HO, Dyerberg J, Nielsen AB: Plasma lipid and lipoprotein pattern in Greenlandic West-coast Eskimos. Lancet 1971, 1:1143-1145.
• [38]Boiko ER, Tkachev AV: The characteristics of lipid metabolism in permanent residents of the North. Fiziol Cheloveka 1994, 20:136-142.
• [39]Wang X, Magkos F, Mittendorfer B: Sex differences in lipid and lipoprotein metabolism: it's not just about sex hormones. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011, 96:885-893.
• [40]Patsch W, Kim K, Wiest W, Schonfeld G: Effects of sex hormones on rat lipoproteins. Endocrinology 1980, 107:1085-1094.
• [41]Srinivasan SR, Wattigney W, Webber LS, Berenson GS: Serum apolipoprotein E in children and adolescents: the Bogalusa Heart Study. Metabolism 1989, 38:1173-1178.
• [42]Millar JS, Lichtenstein AH, Cuchel M, Dolnikowski GG, Hachey DL, Cohn JS, Schaefer EJ: Impact of age on the metabolism of VLDL, IDL, and LDL apolipoprotein B-100 in men. J Lipid Res 1995, 36:1155-1167.
• [43]Toth MJ, Tchernof A: Lipid metabolism in the elderly. Eur J Clin Nutr 2000, 54:121-125.
• [44]Blum CB, Aron L, Sciacca R: Radioimmunoassay studies of human apolipoprotein E. J Chin Invest 1980, 66:1240-1250.
• [45]Yamada N, Murase T, Akanuma Y, Itakura H, Kosaka K: Plasma apolipoprotein E levels in hypertriglyceridemia. Horm Metab Res 1982, 14:303-306.
• [46]Holmquist L: Quantitation of human serum very low density apolipoproteins C-I, C-II, C-III and E by enzyme immunoassay. J Immunol Methods 1980, 34:243-251.
• [47]Alsayed N, Rebourcet R, Chapman J: Concentrations of apoproteins CII, CIII, and E in total serum and in the apoprotein B-containing lipoproteins, determined by a new enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Clin Chem 1990, 36:2047-2052.
• [48]Bury J, Vercaemst R, Rosseneu M, Belpaire F: Apolipoprotein E quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Clin Chem 1986, 32:265-270.
• [49]Gracia V, Fiol C, Hurtado I, Pinto X, Argimon JM, Castineiras MJ: An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method to measure human apolipoprotein E levels using commercially available reagents: effect of apolipoprotein E polymorphism on serum apolipoprotein E concentration. Anal Biochem 1994, 223:212-217.
• [50]Carlsson J, Armstrong VW, Reiber H, Felgenhauer K, Seidel D: Clinical relevance of the quantification of apolipoprotein E in cerebrospinal fluid. Clin Chim Acta 1991, 196:167-176.
• [51]Avogaro P, Bittolo Bon G, Gazzolato G, Pontoglio E, Kostner GM: Distribution and concentration of apolipoprotein E in high and low density lipoproteins. Ric Clin Lab 1983, 13:431-436.
• [52]Bittolo Bon G, Cazzolato G, Saccardi M, Kostner GM, Avogaro P: Total plasma apo E and high density lipoprotein apo E in survivors of myocardial infarction. Atherosclerosis 1984, 53:69-75.
• [53]Millar JS, Mayer J, Lichtenstein AH, Dolnikowski GG, Ordovas JM, Schaefer EJ: Apo E and apo B100 kinetics in triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and their role in LDL production. Circulation 1998, 98:305-306.
• [54]Panin LE: Human homeostasis in high-latitude environment. Alaska Med 2007, 49:25-28.