A cross sectional analysis of behaviors related to operating gas stoves and pneumonia in U.S. children under the age of 5

BMC Public Health

Molly L Kile¹  John Molitor¹  Anna K Harding¹  Ellen Smit¹  Eric S Coker¹ 

[1]College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Milam Hall, Corvallis 97331, OR, USA

关键词: NHANES;    Respiratory infection;    Pneumonia;    Ventilation;    Heating;    Gas stove;   

Others  :  1121534
DOI  :  10.1186/s12889-015-1425-y

 received in 2014-09-30, accepted in 2015-01-15,  发布年份 2015

【 摘 要 】

Background

Poorly ventilated combustion stoves and pollutants emitted from combustion stoves increase the risk of acute lower respiratory illnesses (ALRI) in children living in developing countries but few studies have examined these issues in developed countries. Our objective is to investigate behaviors related to gas stove use, namely using them for heat and without ventilation, on the odds of pneumonia and cough in U.S. children.

Methods

The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1988–1994) was used to identify children < 5 years who lived in homes with a gas stove and whose parents provided information on their behaviors when operating their gas stoves and data on pneumonia (N = 3,289) and cough (N = 3,127). Multivariate logistic regression models were used to examine the association between each respiratory outcome and using a gas stove for heat or without ventilation, as well as, the joint effect of both behaviors.

Results

The adjusted odds of parental-reported pneumonia (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 2.08, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.08, 4.03) and cough (aOR = 1.66, 95% CI: 1.14, 2.43) were higher among children who lived in homes where gas stoves were used for heat compared to those who lived in homes where gas stoves were only used for cooking. The odds of pneumonia (aOR = 1.76, 95% CI: 1.04, 2.98), but not cough (aOR = 1.23, 95% CI: 0.87, 1.75), was higher among those children whose parents did not report using ventilation when operating gas stoves compared to those who did use ventilation. When considering the joint association of both stove operating conditions, only children whose parents reported using gas stoves for heat without ventilation had significantly higher odds of pneumonia (aOR = 3.06, 95% CI: 1.32, 7.09) and coughing (aOR = 2.07, 95% CI: 1.29, 3.30) after adjusting for other risk factors.

Conclusions

Using gas stoves for heat without ventilation was associated with higher odds of pneumonia and cough among U.S. children less than five years old who live in homes with a gas stove. More research is needed to determine if emissions from gas stoves ventilation infrastructure, or modifiable behaviors contribute to respiratory infections in children.

【 授权许可】

   
2015 Coker et al.; licensee BioMed Central.

【 图 表 】

Figure 1.

Figure 2.

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