Higher incidence of premenopausal breast cancer in less developed countries; myth or truth?

BMC Cancer

Reza Ghiasvand²  Hans-Olov Adami⁴  Iraj Harirchi¹  Rahim Akrami³  Kazem Zendehdel⁴ 

[1] Cancer Research Center, Cancer Institute of Iran, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

[2] Department of Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway

[3] Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran

[4] Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden

关键词: Premenopausal;    Less developed countries;    Annual percent change;    Risk factor;    Age-standardized rate;    Breast cancer;   

Others  :  858815
DOI  :  10.1186/1471-2407-14-343

 received in 2013-08-29, accepted in 2014-05-09,  发布年份 2014

【 摘 要 】

Background

Fundamental etiologic differences have been suggested to cause earlier onset of breast cancer in less developed countries (LDCs) than in more developed countries (MDCs). We explored this hypothesis using world-wide breast cancer incidence data.

Methods

We compared international age-standardized incidence rates (ASR) of pre- (<50 years) and postmenopausal (≥50 years) breast cancers as well as temporal trends in ASRs of pre-and postmenopausal breast cancer among selected countries during 1975–2008. We used joinpoint log-linear regression analysis to estimate annual percent changes (APC) for premenopausal and postmenopausal breast cancer in the northern Europe and in Black and White women population in the US.

Results

Premenopausal breast cancers comprised a substantially higher proportion of all incident breast cancers in LDCs (average 47.3%) compared to MDCs (average 18.5%). However, the ASR of premenopausal breast cancer was consistently higher in MDCs (29.4/100,000) than LDCs (12.8/100,000). The ASR of postmenopausal cancer was about five-fold higher in the MDCs (307.6/100,000) than the LDCs (65.4/100,000). The APC of breast cancer in Denmark was substantially higher in postmenopausal (1.33%) than premenopausal cancer (0.98%). Higher incidence of breast cancer among the white than black women in the US was pertained only to the postmenopausal cancer.

Conclusion

The substantial and consistent lower age-specific incidence of breast cancer in LDCs than in MDCs contradicts the theory of earlier onset. Demographic differences with fewer old women in LDCs and lower prevalence of risk factors of postmenopausal cancer are the most likely explanation to the lower mean age at diagnosis in these countries.

【 授权许可】

   
2014 Ghiasvand et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

【 图 表 】

【 参考文献 】

• [1]Ferlay J, Shin HR, Bray F, Forman D, Mathers C, Parkin DM: Estimates of worldwide burden of cancer in 2008: GLOBOCAN 2008. Int J Cancer 2010, 127(12):2893-2917.
• [2]Kamangar F, Dores GM, Anderson WF: Patterns of cancer incidence, mortality, and prevalence across five continents: defining priorities to reduce cancer disparities in different geographic regions of the world. J Clin Oncol 2006, 24(14):2137-2150.
• [3]Jemal A, Center MM, DeSantis C, Ward EM: Global patterns of cancer incidence and mortality rates and trends. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2010, 19(8):1893-1907.
• [4]Huang C-S, Lin C-H, Lu Y-S, Shen C-Y: Unique features of breast cancer in Asian women-Breast cancer in Taiwan as an example. J Steroid Biochemistry Molecular Biology 2010, 118(4–5):300-303.
• [5]Parkin DM, Fernández LMG: Use of statistics to assess the global burden of breast cancer. Breast J 2006, 12(s1):S70-S80.
• [6]Anderson WF, Matsuno R: Breast cancer heterogeneity: a mixture of at least two main types? J Natl Cancer Inst 2006, 98(14):948-951.
• [7]Bertucci F, Birnbaum D: Reasons for breast cancer heterogeneity. J Biol 2008, 7(2):6. BioMed Central Full Text
• [8]Althuis MD, Fergenbaum JH, Garcia-Closas M, Brinton LA, Madigan MP, Sherman ME: Etiology of hormone receptor–defined breast cancer: a systematic review of the literature. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2004, 13(10):1558-1568.
• [9]Rose DP, Vona-Davis L: Interaction between menopausal status and obesity in affecting breast cancer risk. Maturitas 2010, 66(1):33-38.
• [10]Hemminki K, Försti A, Sundquist J, Mousavi S: Preventable breast cancer is postmenopausal. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2011, 125:163-167.
• [11]Sonnenschein E, Toniolo P, Terry MB, Bruning PF, Kato I, Koenig KL, Shore RE: Body fat distribution and obesity in pre- and postmenopausal breast cancer. Int J Epidemiol 1999, 28:1026-1031.
• [12]Peacock SL, White E, Daling JR, Voigt LF, Malone KE: Relation between obesity and breast cancer in young women. Am J Epidemiol 1999, 149(4):339-346.
• [13]Nagi SES, Mazen KK, Toufic E, El Abdul Rahman K, Maya C, Fady G, Muhieddine S, Ali IS: Trends in epidemiology and management of breast cancer in developing Arab countries: a literature and registry analysis. Int J Surg 2007, 5(4):225-233.
• [14]Rodríguez Cuevas S, Macías CG, Franceschi D, Labastida S: Breast carcinoma presents a decade earlier in Mexican women than in women in the United States or European countries. Cancer 2001, 91(4):863-868.
• [15]Mousavi M, Montazeri A, Mohagheghi MA, Mousavi Jarrahi A, Harirchi I, Ebrahimi M: Breast Cancer in Iran: An Epidemiological Review. Breast J 2007, 13(4):383-391.
• [16]Jack RH, Davies EA, Møller H: Breast cancer and age in Black and White women in South East England. Int J Cancer 2012, 130(5):1227-1229.
• [17]Adami H-O, Hunter D, Trichopoulos D: Breast cancer. Textbook of Cancer Epidemiology. NY: Oxford University Press; 2008:403-445.
• [18]Ghiasvand R, Bahmanyar S, Zendehdel K, Tahmasebi S, Talei A, Adami HO, Cnattingius S: Postmenopausal breast cancer in Iran; risk factors and their population attributable fractions. BMC cancer 2012, 12(1):414. BioMed Central Full Text
• [19]Brown S, Morrison D, Cooke T: Increasing incidence of breast cancer: distinguishing between the effects of birth cohort and a national breast screening programme. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2009, 116(3):603-607.
• [20]Akarolo-Anthony S, Ogundiran T, Adebamowo C: Emerging breast cancer epidemic: evidence from Africa. Breast Cancer Res 2010, 12(Suppl 4):S8. BioMed Central Full Text
• [21]Bowen RL, Duffy SW, Ryan DA, Hart IR, Jones JL: Early onset of breast cancer in a group of British black women. Br J Cancer 2008, 98(2):277-281.
• [22]Karami S, Young HA, Henson DE: Earlier age at diagnosis: another dimension in cancer disparity? Cancer Detect Prev 2007, 31(1):29-34.
• [23]Harirchi I, Ebrahimi M, Zamani N, Jarvandi S, Montazeri A: Breast cancer in Iran: a review of 903 case records. Public Health 2000, 114:143-145.
• [24]Ferlay J, Shin HR, Bray F, Forman D, MC DMP: GLOBOCAN 2008, Cancer Incidence and Mortality Worldwide: IARC CancerBase No. 10 [Internet]. Lyon. France: International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2010. Available from: http://globocan.iarc.fr
• [25]Ferlay J, Parkin DM, Curado MP, Bray F, Edwards B, HR S: Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, Volumes I to IX: IARC CancerBase No. 9 [Internet]. Lyon: France International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2010. Available from: http://ci5.iarc.fr webcite
• [26]United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division: World Population Prospects: the 2012 Revision. DVD: Edition; 2013.
• [27]Engholm G, Ferlay J, Christensen N, Johannesen TB, Klint A, Køtlum JE, Milter MC, Olafsdóttir E, Pukkala E, Storm HH: NORDCAN: Cancer Incidence, Mortality, Prevalence and Survival in the Nordic Countries. In Version 5.2 December 2012. Association of the Nordic Cancer Registries. Danish Cancer Society; Available from http://www.ancr.nu webcite
• [28]Howlader NNA, Krapcho M, Neyman N, Aminou R, Waldron W, Altekruse SF, Kosary CL, Ruhl J, Tatalovich Z, Cho H, Mariotto A, Eisner MP, Lewis DR, Chen HS, Feuer EJ, Cronin KA, Edwards BK: SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975–2008.National Cancer Institute. Bethesda (MD); based on November 2010 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER web site. Available from: http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2008/ webcite, 2011
• [29]Kim H-J, Fay MP, Feuer EJ, Midthune DN: Permutation tests for joinpoint regression with applications to cancer rates. Stat Med 2000, 19(3):335-351.
• [30]Research S, Applications NCI: Joinpoint Regression Program, In., 4.0 edn. Branch Surveillance Research Program, National Cancer Institute.: Bethesda, MD; 2012.
• [31]Doll R, Payne P, Waterhouse JAH: Cancer Incidence in five Continents. Berlin Springer; 1966.
• [32]Morabia A, Flandre P: Misclassification Bias Related to Definition of Menopausal Status in Case–control Studies of Breast Cancer. Int J Epidemiol 1992, 21(2):222-228.
• [33]Zahl P-H, Strand BH, Maahlen J: Incidence of breast cancer in Norway and Sweden during introduction of nationwide screening: prospective cohort study. BMJ 2004, 328(7445):921-924.
• [34]Kalager M, Adami H-O, Bretthauer M, Tamimi RM: Overdiagnosis of invasive breast cancer due to mammography screening: results from the Norwegian screening program. Ann Intern Med 2012, 156(7):491-499.
• [35]Chia KS, Reilly M, Tan CS, Lee J, Pawitan Y, Adami HO, Hall P, Mow B: Profound changes in breast cancer incidence may reflect changes into a Westernized lifestyle: A comparative population‒based study in Singapore and Sweden. Int J Cancer 2005, 113(2):302-306.
• [36]Swerdlow AJ, dos Santos SI, Reid A, Qiao Z, Brewster DH, Arrundale J: Trends in cancer incidence and mortality in Scotland: description and possible explanations. Br J Cancer 1998, 77(Suppl 3):1-54.
• [37]dos Santos SI, Swerdlow AJ: Recent trends in incidence of and mortality from breast, ovarian and endometrial cancers in England and Wales and their relation to changing fertility and oral contraceptive use. Br J Cancer 1995, 72(2):485-492.
• [38]Brenton JD, Carey LA, Ahmed AA, Caldas C: Molecular classification and molecular forecasting of breast cancer: ready for clinical application? J Clin Oncol 2005, 23(29):7350-7360.
• [39]Dolle JM, Daling JR, White E, Brinton LA, Doody DR, Porter PL, Malone KE: Risk factors for triple-negative breast cancer in women under the age of 45 years. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009, 18(4):1157-1166.
• [40]Potter JD, Cerhan JR, Sellers TA, McGovern PG, Drinkard C, Kushi LR, Folsom AR: Progesterone and estrogen receptors and mammary neoplasia in the Iowa Women's Health Study: how many kinds of breast cancer are there? Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1995, 4(4):319-326.
• [41]Bauer KR, Brown M, Cress RD, Parise CA, Caggiano V: Descriptive analysis of estrogen receptor (ER)-negative, progesterone receptor (PR)-negative, and HER2-negative invasive breast cancer, the so-called triple-negative phenotype. Cancer 2007, 109(9):1721-1728.
• [42]Anderson WF, Chu KC, Chang S, Sherman ME: Comparison of age-specific incidence rate patterns for different histopathologic types of breast carcinoma. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2004, 13(7):1128-1135.
• [43]Leung GM, Thach TQ, Lam TH, Hedley AJ, Foo W, Fielding R, Yip PS, Lau EM, Wong CM: Trends in breast cancer incidence in Hong Kong between 1973 and 1999: an age-period-cohort analysis. Br J Cancer 2002, 87:982-988.
• [44]Ravdin PM, Cronin KA, Howlader N, Berg CD, Chlebowski RT, Feuer EJ, Edwards BK, Berry DA: The decrease in breast-cancer incidence in 2003 in the United States. N Engl J Med 2007, 356(16):1670-1674.
• [45]Glass AG, Lacey JV, Carreon JD, Hoover RN: Breast Cancer Incidence, 1980–2006: Combined Roles of Menopausal Hormone Therapy, Screening Mammography, and Estrogen Receptor Status. J Natl Cancer Inst 2007, 99(15):1152-1161.
• [46]Ziegler RG, Hoover RN, Pike MC, Hildesheim A, Nomura AM, West DW, Wu-Williams AH, Kolonel LN, Horn-Ross PL, Rosenthal JF: Migration patterns and breast cancer risk in Asian-American women. J Natl Cancer Inst 1993, 85:1819-1827.
• [47]Chlebowski RT, Chen Z, Anderson GL, Rohan T, Aragaki A, Lane D, Dolan NC, Paskett ED, McTiernan A, Hubbell FA: Ethnicity and breast cancer: factors influencing differences in incidence and outcome. J Natl Cancer Inst 2005, 97(6):439-448.
• [48]Nelson NJ: Migrant studies aid the search for factors linked to breast cancer risk. J Natl Cancer Inst 2006, 98(7):436-438.
• [49]John EM, Phipps AI, Davis A, Koo J: Migration history, acculturation, and breast cancer risk in hispanic women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2005, 14(12):2905-2913.