Predicting outcome from dengue

BMC Medicine

Bridget Wills²  Sophie Yacoub¹ 

[1] Department of Medicine, Imperial College, Hammersmith Campus, London, UK;Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Centre for Tropical Medicine, Oxford, UK

关键词: Vascular;    Biomarkers;    Risk factors;    Outcome;    Severity;    Dengue;   

Others  :  1121486
DOI  :  10.1186/s12916-014-0147-9

 received in 2014-06-18, accepted in 2014-08-08,  发布年份 2014

【 摘 要 】

Dengue is emerging as one of the most abundant vector-borne disease globally. Although the majority of infections are asymptomatic or result in only a brief systemic viral illness, a small proportion of patients develop potentially fatal complications. These severe manifestations, including a unique plasma leakage syndrome, a coagulopathy sometimes accompanied by bleeding, and organ impairment, occur relatively late in the disease course, presenting a window of opportunity to identify the group of patients likely to progress to these complications. However, as yet, differentiating this group from the thousands of milder cases seen each day during outbreaks remains challenging, and simple and inexpensive strategies are urgently needed in order to improve case management and to facilitate appropriate use of limited resources. This review will cover the current understanding of the risk factors associated with poor outcome in dengue. We focus particularly on the clinical features of the disease and on conventional investigations that are usually accessible in mid-level healthcare facilities in endemic areas, and then discuss a variety of viral, immunological and vascular biomarkers that have the potential to improve risk prediction. We conclude with a description of several novel methods of assessing vascular function and intravascular volume status non-invasively.

【 授权许可】

   
2014 Yacoub and Wills; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

【 图 表 】

Figure 1.

Figure 2.

【 参考文献 】

• [1]Bhatt S, Gething PW, Brady OJ, Messina JP, Farlow AW, Moyes CL, Drake JM, Brownstein JS, Hoen AG, Sankoh O, Myers MF, George DB, Jaenisch T, Wint GR, Simmons CP, Scott TW, Farrar J, Hay SI: The global distribution and burden of dengue. Nature 2013, 496:504-507.
• [2]Simmons CP, Farrar JJ, Nguyen VV, Wills B: Dengue. N Engl J Med 2012, 366:1423-1432.
• [3]Yacoub S, Mongkolsapaya J, Screaton G: The pathogenesis of dengue. CurrOpin Infect Dis 2013, 26:284-9.
• [4]Tassniyom S, Vasanawathana S, Chirawatkul A, Rojanasuphot S: Failure of high-dose methylprednisolone in established dengue shock syndrome: a placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Pediatrics 1993, 92:111-115.
• [5]Tricou V, Minh NN, Van TP, Lee SJ, Farrar J, Wills B, Tran HT, Simmons CP: A randomized controlled trial of chloroquine for the treatment of dengue in Vietnamese adults.PLoSNegl Trop Dis 2010, 4:e785.
• [6]Nguyen NM, Tran CN, Phung LK, Duong KT, Huynh HL, Farrar J, Nguyen QT, Tran HT, Nguyen CV, Merson L, Hoang LT, Hibberd ML, Aw PP, Wilm A, Nagarajan N, Nguyen DT, Pham MP, Nguyen TT, Javanbakht H, Klumpp K, Hammond J, Petric R, Wolbers M, Nguyen CT, Simmons CP: A randomized, double-blind placebo controlled trial of balapiravir, a polymerase inhibitor, in adult dengue patients. J Infect Dis 2013, 207:1442-50.
• [7]Low JG, Sung C, Wijaya L, Wei Y, Rathore AP, Watanabe S, Tan BH, Toh L, Chua LT, Hou Y, Chow A, Howe S, Chan WK, Tan KH, Chung JS, Cherng BP, Lye DC, Tambayah PA, Ng LC, Connolly J, Hibberd ML, Leo YS, Cheung YB, Ooi EE, Vasudevan SG: Efficacy and safety of celgosivir in patients with dengue fever (CELADEN): a phase 1b, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, proof-of-concept trial. Lancet Infect Dis 2014, 14:706-15.
• [8]Wills BA, Nguyen MD, Ha TL, Dong TH, Tran TN, Le TT, Tran VD, Nguyen TH, Nguyen VC, Stepniewska K, White NJ, Farrar JJ: Comparison of three fluid solutions for resuscitation in dengue shock syndrome. N Engl J Med 2005, 353:877-889.
• [9]Lam PK, Tam DT, Diet TV, Tam CT, Tien NT, Kieu NT, Simmons C, Farrar J, Nga NT, Qui PT, Dung NM, Wolbers M, Wills B: Clinical characteristics of dengue shock syndrome in Vietnamese children: a 10-year prospective study in a single hospital. Clin Infect Dis 2013, 57:1577-1586.
• [10]Dengue: Guidelines for Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention, and Control, New edn. TDR/World Health Organization, Geneva; 2009.
• [11]Alexander N, Balmaseda A, Coelho IC, Dimaano E, Hien TT, Hung NT, Janisch T, Kroeger A, Lum LC, Martinez E, Siqueira JB, Thuy TT, Villalobos I, Villegas E, Wills B: Multicentre prospective study on dengue classification in four South-east Asian and three Latin American countries. Trop Med Int Health 2011, 16:936-948.
• [12][http://www.who.int/rpc/guidelines/9789241547871/en/] webcite Dengue guidelines for diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control: new edition..
• [13]Guzman MG, Alvarez M, Halstead SB: Secondary infection as a risk factor for dengue hemorrhagic fever/dengue shock syndrome: an historical perspective and role of antibody-dependent enhancement of infection. Arch Virol 2013, 158:1445-1459.
• [14]Hammond SN, Balmaseda A, Perez L, Tellez Y, Saborio SI, Mercado JC, Videa E, Rodriguez Y, Perez MA, Cuadra R, Solano S, Rocha J, Idiaquez W, Gonzalez A, Harris E: Differences in dengue severity in infants, children, and adults in a 3-year hospital-based study in Nicaragua. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2005, 73:1063-1070.
• [15]Lee MS, Hwang KP, Chen TC, Lu PL, Chen TP: Clinical characteristics of dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever in a medical center of southern Taiwan during the 2002 epidemic. J Microbiol Immunol Infect 2006, 39:121-129.
• [16]Machado CR, Machado ES, Rohloff RD, Azevedo M, Campos DP, de Oliveira RB, Brasil P: Is pregnancy associated with severe dengue? A review of data from the Rio de Janeiro surveillance information system.PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013, 7:e2217.
• [17]Kalayanarooj S, Nimmannitya S: Is dengue severity related to nutritional status? Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2005, 36:378-384.
• [18]Pang J, Salim A, Lee VJ, Hibberd ML, Chia KS, Leo YS, Lye DC: Diabetes with hypertension as risk factors for adult dengue hemorrhagic fever in a predominantly dengue serotype 2 epidemic: a case control study.PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2012, 6:e1641.
• [19]Anders KL, Nguyet NM, Chau NV, Hung NT, Thuy TT, le Lien B, Farrar J, Wills B, Hien TT, Simmons CP: Epidemiological factors associated with dengue shock syndrome and mortality in hospitalized dengue patients in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2011, 84:127-134.
• [20]Huy NT, Van Giang T, Thuy DH, Kikuchi M, Hien TT, Zamora J, Hirayama K: Factors associated with dengue shock syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis.PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013, 7:e2412.
• [21]Shekhar KC, Huat OL: Epidemiology of dengue/dengue hemorrhagic fever in Malaysia–a retrospective epidemiological study. 1973–1987. Part II: Dengue fever (DF). Asia Pac J Public Health 1992, 6:126-133.
• [22]Phuong CX, Nhan NT, Kneen R, Thuy PT, van Thien C, Nga NT, Thuy TT, Solomon T, Stepniewska K, Wills B: Clinical diagnosis and assessment of severity of confirmed dengue infections in Vietnamese children: is the World Health Organization classification system helpful? Am J Trop Med Hyg 2004, 70:172-179.
• [23]Cao XT, Ngo TN, Wills B, Kneen R, Nguyen TT, Ta TT, Tran TT, Doan TK, Solomon T, Simpson JA, White NJ, Farrar JJ: Evaluation of the World Health Organization standard tourniquet test and a modified tourniquet test in the diagnosis of dengue infection in Viet Nam. Trop Med Int Health 2002, 7:125-132.
• [24]Wali JP, Biswas A, Aggarwal P, Wig N, Handa R: Validity of tourniquet test in dengue haemorrhagic fever. J Assoc Physicians India 1999, 47:203-204.
• [25]Lee VJ, Lye DC, Sun Y, Leo YS: Decision tree algorithm in deciding hospitalization for adult patients with dengue haemorrhagic fever in Singapore. Trop Med Int Health 2009, 14:1154-1159.
• [26]Thein TL, Leo YS, Lee VJ, Sun Y, Lye DC: Validation of probability equation and decision tree in predicting subsequent dengue hemorrhagic fever in adult dengue inpatients in Singapore. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2011, 85:942-945.
• [27]Potts JA, Rothman AL: Clinical and laboratory features that distinguish dengue from other febrile illnesses in endemic populations. Trop Med Int Health 2008, 13:1328-1340.
• [28]Trung DT, le Thao TT, Dung NM, Ngoc TV, Hien TT, Chau NV, Wolbers M, Tam DT, Farrar J, Simmons C, Wills B: Clinical features of dengue in a large Vietnamese cohort: intrinsically lower platelet counts and greater risk for bleeding in adults than children.PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2012, 6:e1679.
• [29]Brasier AR, Ju H, Garcia J, Spratt HM, Victor SS, Forshey BM, Halsey ES, Comach G, Sierra G, Blair PJ, Rocha C, Morrison AC, Scott TW, Bazan I, Kochel TJ: A three-component biomarker panel for prediction of dengue hemorrhagic fever. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2012, 86:341-348.
• [30]Krishnamurti C, Kalayanarooj S, Cutting MA, Peat RA, Rothwell SW, Reid TJ, Green S, Nisalak A, Endy TP, Vaughn DW, Nimmannitya S, Innis BL: Mechanisms of hemorrhage in dengue without circulatory collapse. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2001, 65:840-847.
• [31]Wills B, Tran VN, Nguyen TH, Truong TT, Tran TN, Nguyen MD, Tran VD, Nguyen VV, Dinh TT, Farrar J: Hemostatic changes in Vietnamese children with mild dengue correlate with the severity of vascular leakage rather than bleeding. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2009, 81:638-644.
• [32]Dengue: Guidelines for Treatment, Prevention and Control. World Health Organization, Geneva; 2009.
• [33]Potts JA, Gibbons RV, Rothman AL, Srikiatkhachorn A, Thomas SJ, Supradish PO, Lemon SC, Libraty DH, Green S, Kalayanarooj S: Prediction of dengue disease severity among pediatric Thai patients using early clinical laboratory indicators.PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2010, 4:e769.
• [34]Wichmann O, Gascon J, Schunk M, Puente S, Siikamaki H, Gjorup I, Lopez-Velez R, Clerinx J, Peyerl-Hoffmann G, Sundoy A, Genton B, Kern P, Calleri G, de Gorgolas M, Muhlberger N, Jelinek T: Severe dengue virus infection in travelers: risk factors and laboratory indicators. J Infect Dis 2007, 195:1089-1096.
• [35]Trung DT, le Thao TT, Hien TT, Hung NT, Vinh NN, Hien PT, Chinh NT, Simmons C, Wills B: Liver involvement associated with dengue infection in adults in Vietnam. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2010, 83:774-780.
• [36]Lee LK, Gan VC, Lee VJ, Tan AS, Leo YS, Lye DC: Clinical relevance and discriminatory value of elevated liver aminotransferase levels for dengue severity.PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2012, 6:e1676.
• [37]Wills BA, Oragui EE, Dung NM, Loan HT, Chau NV, Farrar JJ, Levin M: Size and charge characteristics of the protein leak in dengue shock syndrome. J Infect Dis 2004, 190:810-818.
• [38]Vasanwala FF, Thein TL, Leo YS, Gan VC, Hao Y, Lee LK, Lye DC: Predictive value of proteinuria in adult dengue severity.PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014, 8:e2712.
• [39]Hanh Tien NT, Lam PK, Duyen HT, Ngoc TV, Ha PT, Kieu NT, Simmons C, Wolbers M, Wills B: Assessment of microalbuminuria for early diagnosis and risk prediction in dengue infections.PLoS One 2013, 8:e54538.
• [40]Bharath Kumar Reddy KR, Laksmana RR, Veerappa BG: Shivananda: Ultrasonography as a tool in predicting the severity of dengue fever in children–a useful aid in a developing country. Pediatr Radiol 2013, 43:971-977.
• [41]Setiawan MW, Samsi TK, Wulur H, Sugianto D, Pool TN: Dengue haemorrhagic fever: ultrasound as an aid to predict the severity of the disease. Pediatr Radiol 1998, 28:1-4.
• [42]Colbert JA, Gordon A, Roxelin R, Silva S, Silva J, Rocha C, Harris E: Ultrasound measurement of gallbladder wall thickening as a diagnostic test and prognostic indicator for severe dengue in pediatric patients. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2007, 26:850-852.
• [43]Srikiatkhachorn A, Krautrachue A, Ratanaprakarn W, Wongtapradit L, Nithipanya N, Kalayanarooj S, Nisalak A, Thomas SJ, Gibbons RV, Mammen MP Jr, Libraty DH, Ennis FA, Rothman AL, Green S: Natural history of plasma leakage in dengue hemorrhagic fever: a serial ultrasonographic study. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2007, 26:283-290.
• [44]Michels M, Sumardi U, de Mast Q, Jusuf H, Puspita M, Dewi IM, Sinarta S, Alisjahbana B, van der Ven AJ: The predictive diagnostic value of serial daily bedside ultrasonography for severe dengue in Indonesian adults.PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013, 7:e2277.
• [45]Runner GJ, Corwin MT, Siewert B, Eisenberg RL: Gallbladder wall thickening. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2014, 202:W1-W12.
• [46]Sangkawibha N, Rojanasuphot S, Ahandrik S, Viriyapongse S, Jatanasen S, Salitul V, Phanthumachinda B, Halstead SB: Risk factors in dengue shock syndrome: a prospective epidemiologic study in Rayong, Thailand. I. The 1980 outbreak. Am J Epidemiol 1984, 120:653-669.
• [47]Guzman MG, Kouri G, Valdes L, Bravo J, Alvarez M, Vazques S, Delgado I, Halstead SB: Epidemiologic studies on dengue in Santiago de Cuba, 1997. Am J Epidemiol 2000, 152:793-799.
• [48]Halstead SB, O’Rourke EJ: Antibody-enhanced dengue virus infection in primate leukocytes. Nature 1977, 265:739-741.
• [49]Libraty DH, Endy TP, Houng HS, Green S, Kalayanarooj S, Suntayakorn S, Chansiriwongs W, Vaughn DW, Nisalak A, Ennis FA, Rothman AL: Differing influences of virus burden and immune activation on disease severity in secondary dengue-3 virus infections. J Infect Dis 2002, 185:1213-1221.
• [50]Vaughn DW, Green S, Kalayanarooj S, Innis BL, Nimmannitya S, Suntayakorn S, Endy TP, Raengsakulrach B, Rothman AL, Ennis FA, Nisalak A: Dengue viremia titer, antibody response pattern, and virus serotype correlate with disease severity. J Infect Dis 2000, 181:2-9.
• [51]Gubler DJ, Suharyono W, Tan R, Abidin M, Sie A: Viraemia in patients with naturally acquired dengue infection. Bull World Health Organ 1981, 59:623-630.
• [52]Duyen HT, Ngoc TV, Do Ha T, Hang VT, Kieu NT, Young PR, Farrar JJ, Simmons CP, Wolbers M, Wills BA: Kinetics of plasma viremia and soluble nonstructural protein 1 concentrations in dengue: differential effects according to serotype and immune status. J Infect Dis 2011, 203:1292-1300.
• [53]Libraty DH, Young PR, Pickering D, Endy TP, Kalayanarooj S, Green S, Vaughn DW, Nisalak A, Ennis FA, Rothman AL: High circulating levels of the dengue virus nonstructural protein NS1 early in dengue illness correlate with the development of dengue hemorrhagic fever. J Infect Dis 2002, 186:1165-1168.
• [54]Avirutnan P, Punyadee N, Noisakran S, Komoltri C, Thiemmeca S, Auethavornanan K, Jairungsri A, Kanlaya R, Tangthawornchaikul N, Puttikhunt C, Pattanakitsakul SN, Yenchitsomanus PT, Mongkolsapaya J, Kasinrerk W, Sittisombut N, Husmann M, Blettner M, Vasanawathana S, Bhakdi S, Malasit P: Vascular leakage in severe dengue virus infections: a potential role for the nonstructural viral protein NS1 and complement. J Infect Dis 2006, 193:1078-1088.
• [55]Lin CF, Lei HY, Shiau AL, Liu HS, Yeh TM, Chen SH, Liu CC, Chiu SC, Lin YS: Endothelial cell apoptosis induced by antibodies against dengue virus nonstructural protein 1 via production of nitric oxide. J Immunol 2002, 169:657-664.
• [56]Lin CF, Lei HY, Shiau AL, Liu CC, Liu HS, Yeh TM, Chen SH, Lin YS: Antibodies from dengue patient sera cross-react with endothelial cells and induce damage. J Med Virol 2003, 69:82-90.
• [57]Duong V, Ly S, Lorn Try P, Tuiskunen A, Ong S, Chroeung N, Lundkvist A, Leparc-Goffart I, Deubel V, Vong S, Buchy P: Clinical and virological factors influencing the performance of a NS1 antigen-capture assay and potential use as a marker of dengue disease severity.PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2011, 5:e1244.
• [58]Butthep P, Chunhakan S, Yoksan S, Tangnararatchakit K, Chuansumrit A: Alteration of cytokines and chemokines during febrile episodes associated with endothelial cell damage and plasma leakage in dengue hemorrhagic fever. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2012, 31:e232-e238.
• [59]Bozza FA, Cruz OG, Zagne SM, Azeredo EL, Nogueira RM, Assis EF, Bozza PT, Kubelka CF: Multiplex cytokine profile from dengue patients: MIP-1beta and IFN-gamma as predictive factors for severity.BMC Infect Dis 2008, 8:86.
• [60]Chaturvedi UC, Elbishbishi EA, Agarwal R, Raghupathy R, Nagar R, Tandon R, Pacsa AS, Younis OI, Azizieh F: Sequential production of cytokines by dengue virus-infected human peripheral blood leukocyte cultures. J Med Virol 1999, 59:335-340.
• [61]Juffrie M, Meer GM, Hack CE, Haasnoot K, Sutaryo , Veerman AJ, Thijs LG: Inflammatory mediators in dengue virus infection in children: interleukin-6 and its relation to C-reactive protein and secretory phospholipase A2. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2001, 65:70-75.
• [62]Rathakrishnan A, Wang SM, Hu Y, Khan AM, Ponnampalavanar S, Lum LC, Manikam R, Sekaran SD: Cytokine expression profile of dengue patients at different phases of illness.PLoS One 2012, 7:e52215.
• [63]Srikiatkhachorn A, Ajariyakhajorn C, Endy TP, Kalayanarooj S, Libraty DH, Green S, Ennis FA, Rothman AL: Virus-induced decline in soluble vascular endothelial growth receptor 2 is associated with plasma leakage in dengue hemorrhagic Fever. J Virol 2007, 81:1592-1600.
• [64]Green S, Vaughn DW, Kalayanarooj S, Nimmannitya S, Suntayakorn S, Nisalak A, Lew R, Innis BL, Kurane I, Rothman AL, Ennis FA: Early immune activation in acute dengue illness is related to development of plasma leakage and disease severity. J Infect Dis 1999, 179:755-762.
• [65]Green S, Vaughn DW, Kalayanarooj S, Nimmannitya S, Suntayakorn S, Nisalak A, Rothman AL, Ennis FA: Elevated plasma interleukin-10 levels in acute dengue correlate with disease severity. J Med Virol 1999, 59:329-334.
• [66]De-Oliveira-Pinto LM, Marinho CF, Povoa TF, de Azeredo EL, de Souza LA, Barbosa LD, Motta-Castro AR, Alves AM, Avila CA, de Souza LJ, da Cunha RV, Damasco PV, Paes MV, Kubelka CF: Regulation of inflammatory chemokine receptors on blood T cells associated to the circulating versus liver chemokines in dengue fever.PLoS One 2012, 7:e38527.
• [67]Bethell DB, Flobbe K, Cao XT, Day NP, Pham TP, Buurman WA, Cardosa MJ, White NJ, Kwiatkowski D: Pathophysiologic and prognostic role of cytokines in dengue hemorrhagic fever. J Infect Dis 1998, 177:778-782.
• [68]Nascimento EJ, Silva AM, Cordeiro MT, Brito CA, Gil LH, Braga-Neto U, Marques ET: Alternative complement pathway deregulation is correlated with dengue severity.PLoS One 2009, 4:e6782.
• [69]Tseng CS, Lo HW, Teng HC, Lo WC, Ker CG: Elevated levels of plasma VEGF in patients with dengue hemorrhagic fever. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 2005, 43:99-102.
• [70]Cardier JE, Rivas B, Romano E, Rothman AL, Perez-Perez C, Ochoa M, Caceres AM, Cardier M, Guevara N, Giovannetti R: Evidence of vascular damage in dengue disease: demonstration of high levels of soluble cell adhesion molecules and circulating endothelial cells. Endothelium 2006, 13:335-340.
• [71]Butthep P, Chunhakan S, Tangnararatchakit K, Yoksan S, Pattanapanyasat K, Chuansumrit A: Elevated soluble thrombomodulin in the febrile stage related to patients at risk for dengue shock syndrome. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2006, 25:894-897.
• [72]Michels M, van der Ven AJ, Djamiatun K, Fijnheer R, de Groot PG, Griffioen AW, Sebastian S, Faradz SM, de Mast Q: Imbalance of angiopoietin-1 and angiopoetin-2 in severe dengue and relationship with thrombocytopenia, endothelial activation, and vascular stability. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2012, 87:943-946.
• [73]Chen Y, Maguire T, Hileman RE, Fromm JR, Esko JD, Linhardt RJ, Marks RM: Dengue virus infectivity depends on envelope protein binding to target cell heparan sulfate. Nat Med 1997, 3:866-871.
• [74]Avirutnan P, Zhang L, Punyadee N, Manuyakorn A, Puttikhunt C, Kasinrerk W, Malasit P, Atkinson JP, Diamond MS: Secreted NS1 of dengue virus attaches to the surface of cells via interactions with heparan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate E.PLoS Pathog 2007, 3:e183.
• [75]Tam DT, Ngoc TV, Tien NT, Kieu NT, Thuy TT, Thanh LT, Tam CT, Truong NT, Dung NT, Qui PT, Hien TT, Farrar JJ, Simmons CP, Wolbers M, Wills BA: Effects of short-course oral corticosteroid therapy in early dengue infection in Vietnamese patients: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Clin Infect Dis 2012, 55:1216-1224.
• [76]Viera AJ, Mooberry M, Key NS: Microparticles in cardiovascular disease pathophysiology and outcomes. J Am Soc Hypertens 2012, 6:243-252.
• [77]Soriano AO, Jy W, Chirinos JA, Valdivia MA, Velasquez HS, Jimenez JJ, Horstman LL, Kett DH, Schein RM, Ahn YS: Levels of endothelial and platelet microparticles and their interactions with leukocytes negatively correlate with organ dysfunction and predict mortality in severe sepsis. Crit Care Med 2005, 33:2540-2546.
• [78]Abebe W, Mozaffari M: Endothelial dysfunction in diabetes: potential application of circulating markers as advanced diagnostic and prognostic tools. EPMA J 2010, 1:32-45.
• [79]Hottz ED, Lopes JF, Freitas C, Valls-de-Souza R, Oliveira MF, Bozza MT, Da Poian AT, Weyrich AS, Zimmerman GA, Bozza FA, Bozza PT: Platelets mediate increased endothelium permeability in dengue through NLRP3-inflammasome activation. Blood 2013, 122:3405-3414.
• [80]Hamburg NM, Keyes MJ, Larson MG, Vasan RS, Schnabel R, Pryde MM, Mitchell GF, Sheffy J, Vita JA, Benjamin EJ: Cross-sectional relations of digital vascular function to cardiovascular risk factors in the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation 2008, 117:2467-2474.
• [81]Dhindsa M, Sommerlad SM, DeVan AE, Barnes JN, Sugawara J, Ley O, Tanaka H: Interrelationships among noninvasive measures of postischemic macro- and microvascular reactivity. J Appl Physiol 2008, 105:427-432.
• [82]Rubinshtein R, Kuvin JT, Soffler M, Lennon RJ, Lavi S, Nelson RE, Pumper GM, Lerman LO, Lerman A: Assessment of endothelial function by non-invasive peripheral arterial tonometry predicts late cardiovascular adverse events. Eur Heart J 2010, 31:1142-1148.
• [83]Hedblad B, Ogren M, Janzon L, Isacsson SO, Lindell SE: Low pulse-wave amplitude during reactive leg hyperaemia: an independent, early marker for ischaemic heart disease and death. Results from the 21-year follow-up of the prospective cohort study ‘Men born in 1914’, Malmo, Sweden. J Intern Med 1994, 236:161-168.
• [84]Davis JS, Yeo TW, Thomas JH, McMillan M, Darcy CJ, McNeil YR, Cheng AC, Celermajer DS, Stephens DP, Anstey NM: Sepsis-associated microvascular dysfunction measured by peripheral arterial tonometry: an observational study.Crit Care 2009, 13:R155.
• [85]Yeo TW, Lampah DA, Gitawati R, Tjitra E, Kenangalem E, McNeil YR, Darcy CJ, Granger DL, Weinberg JB, Lopansri BK, Price RN, Duffull SB, Celermajer DS, Anstey NM: Impaired nitric oxide bioavailability and L-arginine reversible endothelial dysfunction in adults with falciparum malaria. J Exp Med 2007, 204:2693-2704.
• [86]Yeo TW, Lampah DA, Gitawati R, Tjitra E, Kenangalem E, McNeil YR, Darcy CJ, Granger DL, Weinberg JB, Lopansri BK, Price RN, Duffull SB, Celermajer DS, Anstey NM: Recovery of endothelial function in severe falciparum malaria: relationship with improvement in plasma L-arginine and blood lactate concentrations. J Infect Dis 2008, 198:602-608.
• [87]Vincent JL, De Backer D: Microvascular dysfunction as a cause of organ dysfunction in severe sepsis. Crit Care 2005, 9:S9-S12.
• [88]Singer M: Cellular dysfunction in sepsis. Clin Chest Med 2008, 29:655-660. viii-ix
• [89]Rivers EP, Jaehne AK, Eichhorn-Wharry L, Brown S, Amponsah D: Fluid therapy in septic shock. Curr Opin Crit Care 2010, 16:297-308.
• [90]De Backer D, Ospina-Tascon G, Salgado D, Favory R, Creteur J, Vincent JL: Monitoring the microcirculation in the critically ill patient: current methods and future approaches. Intensive Care Med 2010, 36:1813-1825.
• [91]Trzeciak S, Dellinger RP, Parrillo JE, Guglielmi M, Bajaj J, Abate NL, Arnold RC, Colilla S, Zanotti S, Hollenberg SM: Early microcirculatory perfusion derangements in patients with severe sepsis and septic shock: relationship to hemodynamics, oxygen transport, and survival. Ann Emerg Med 2007, 49:88-98. 98 e81-82
• [92]Dondorp AM, Ince C, Charunwatthana P, Hanson J, van Kuijen A, Faiz MA, Rahman MR, Hasan M, Bin Yunus E, Ghose A, Ruangveerayut R, Limmathurotsakul D, Mathura K, White NJ, Day NP: Direct in vivo assessment of microcirculatory dysfunction in severe falciparum malaria. J Infect Dis 2008, 197:79-84.
• [93]Spanos A, Jhanji S, Vivian-Smith A, Harris T, Pearse RM: Early microvascular changes in sepsis and severe sepsis. Shock 2010, 33:387-391.
• [94]Caixeta DM, Fialho FM, Azevedo ZM, Collett-Solberg PF, Villela NR, Bouskela E: Evaluation of sublingual microcirculation in children with dengue shock. Clinics 2013, 68:1061-1064.
• [95]Convertino VA, Grudic G, Mulligan J, Moulton S: Estimation of individual-specific progression to impending cardiovascular instability using arterial waveforms. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2013, 115:1196-1202.
• [96]Moulton SL, Mulligan J, Grudic GZ, Convertino VA: Running on empty? The compensatory reserve index. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2013, 75:1053-1059.
• [97]Seppelt IM, Orde SR: Why guess when you can see? Heart function and fluid management in dengue shock. Crit Care Med 2012, 40:675-676.
• [98]Griffee MJ, Merkel MJ, Wei KS: The role of echocardiography in hemodynamic assessment of septic shock. Crit Care Clin 2010, 26:365-382. table of contents
• [99]Yacoub S, Wertheim H, Simmons CP, Screaton G, Wills B: Cardiovascular manifestations of the emerging dengue pandemic. Nat Rev Cardiol 2014, 11:335-45.
• [100]Yacoub S, Griffiths A, Chau TT, Simmons CP, Wills B, Hien TT, Henein M, Farrar J: Cardiac function in Vietnamese patients with different dengue severity grades. Crit Care Med 2012, 40:477-483.
• [101]Barbier C, Loubieres Y, Schmit C, Hayon J, Ricome JL, Jardin F, Vieillard-Baron A: Respiratory changes in inferior vena cava diameter are helpful in predicting fluid responsiveness in ventilated septic patients. Intensive Care Med 2004, 30:1740-1746.
• [102]Duwat A, Zogheib E, Guinot PG, Levy F, Trojette F, Diouf M, Slama M, Dupont H: The gray zone of the qualitative assessment of respiratory changes in inferior vena cava diameter in ICU patients.Crit Care 2014, 18:R14.
• [103]Khongphatthanayothin A, Suesaowalak M, Muangmingsook S, Bhattarakosol P, Pancharoen C: Hemodynamic profiles of patients with dengue hemorrhagic fever during toxic stage: an echocardiographic study. Intensive Care Med 2003, 29:570-574.