Mesozoic lacewings from China provide phylogenetic insight into evolution of the Kalligrammatidae (Neuroptera)

BMC Evolutionary Biology

Dong Ren²  Chungkun Shih²  Conrad C Labandeira³  Yongjie Wang²  Qiang Yang¹ 

[1] Geoscience Museum, Shijiazhuang University of Economics, Shijiazhuang 050031, China;College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China;Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA

关键词: Classification;    Phylogenetic analysis;    Wing eyespots;    Mouthparts;    Yixian formation;    Jiulongshan formation;   

Others  :  1118251
DOI  :  10.1186/1471-2148-14-126

 received in 2012-08-03, accepted in 2014-04-23,  发布年份 2014

【 摘 要 】

Background

The Kalligrammatidae are distinctive, large, conspicuous, lacewings found in Eurasia from the Middle Jurassic to mid Early Cretaceous. Because of incomplete and often inadequate fossil preservation, an absence of detailed morphology, unclear relationships, and unknown evolutionary trends, the Kalligrammatidae are poorly understood.

Results

We describe three new subfamilies, four new genera, twelve new species and four unassigned species from the late Middle Jurassic Jiulongshan and mid Early Cretaceous Yixian Formations of China. These kalligrammatid taxa exhibit diverse morphological characters, such as mandibulate mouthparts in one major clade and siphonate mouthparts in the remaining four major clades, the presence or absence of a variety of distinctive wing markings such as stripes, wing spots and eyespots, as well as multiple major wing shapes. Based on phylogenetic analyses, the Kalligrammatidae are divided into five principal clades: Kalligrammatinae Handlirsch, 1906, Kallihemerobiinae Ren & Engel, 2008, Meioneurinae subfam. nov., Oregrammatinae subfam. nov. and Sophogrammatinae subfam. nov., each of which is accorded subfamily-level status. Our results show significant morphological and evolutionary differentiation of the Kalligrammatidae family during a 40 million-year-interval of the mid Mesozoic.

Conclusion

A new phylogeny and classification of five subfamilies and their constituent genera is proposed for the Kalligrammatidae. These diverse, yet highly specialized taxa from northeastern China suggest that eastern Eurasia likely was an important diversification center for the Kalligrammatidae. Kalligrammatids possess an extraordinary morphological breadth and panoply of adaptations during the mid-Mesozoic that highlight our conclusion that their evolutionary biology is much more complex than heretofore realized.

【 授权许可】

   
2014 Yang et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

【 图 表 】

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