Prevalence and co-use of marijuana among young adult cigarette smokers: An anonymous online national survey

Addiction Science & Clinical Practice

Danielle E Ramo¹  Judith J Prochaska¹ 

[1] Department of Psychiatry, University of California at San Francisco, 401 Parnassus Avenue,, Box TRC 0984, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA

关键词: Internet;    Young adults;    Tobacco;    Marijuana;   

Others  :  789381
DOI  :  10.1186/1940-0640-7-5

 received in 2011-09-15, accepted in 2012-02-27,  发布年份 2012

【 摘 要 】

Background

There is elevated prevalence of marijuana use among young adults who use tobacco, but little is known about the extent of co-use generated from surveys conducted online. The purpose of the present study was to examine past-month marijuana use and the co-use of marijuana and tobacco in a convenience sample of young adult smokers with national US coverage.

Methods

Young adults age 18 to 25 who had smoked at least one cigarette in the past 30 days were recruited online between 4/1/09 and 12/31/10 to participate in an online survey on tobacco use. We examined past 30 day marijuana use, frequency of marijuana use, and proportion of days co-using tobacco and marijuana by demographic characteristics and daily smoking status.

Results

Of 3512 eligible and valid survey responses, 1808 (51.5%) smokers completed the survey. More than half (53%, n = 960) of the sample reported past-month marijuana use and reported a median use of 18 out of the past 30 days (interquartile range [IR] = 4, 30). Co-use of tobacco and marijuana occurred on nearly half (median = 45.5%; IR = 13.1, 90.3) of the days on which either substance was used and was more frequent among Caucasians, respondents living in the Northeast or in rural areas, in nonstudents versus students, and in daily versus nondaily smokers. Residence in a state with legalized medical marijuana was unrelated to co-use or even the prevalence of marijuana use in this sample. Age and household income also were unrelated to co-use of tobacco and marijuana.

Conclusion

These results indicate a higher prevalence of marijuana use and co-use of tobacco in young adult smokers than is reported in nationally representative surveys. Cessation treatments for young adult smokers should consider broadening intervention targets to include marijuana.

【 授权许可】

   
2012 Ramo and Prochaska; BioMed Central Ltd.

【 参考文献 】

• [1]Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration: Detailed Data Table 6.9B - Types of illicit drug use in the past month among persons aged 18 to 25, by Past Month Cigarettes Use: Percentages, 2008 and 2009. http://oas.samhsa.gov/NSDUH/2k9NSDUH/tabs/Sect6peTabs1to54.htm#Tab6.9B webcite
• [2]Abdel-Ghany M, Wang MQ: Contemporaneous and Intertemporal Relationship Between the Consumption of Licit and Illicit Substances by Youth. J Fam Econ Issues 2003, 24:281-289.
• [3]Leatherdale ST, Hammond D, Ahmed R: Alcohol, marijuana, and tobacco use patterns among youth in Canada. Cancer Causes Control 2008, 19:361-369.
• [4]Agrawal A, Lynskey MT: Tobacco and cannabis co-occurrence: does route of administration matter? Drug Alcohol Depend 2009, 99:240-247.
• [5]Clough AR: Associations between tobacco and cannabis use in remote indigenous populations in Northern Australia. Addiction 2005, 100:346-353.
• [6]Leatherdale ST, Hammond DG, Kaiserman M, Ahmed R: Marijuana and tobacco use among young adults in Canada: are they smoking what we think they’re smoking? Cancer Causes Control 2007, 18:391-397.
• [7]Suris JC, Akre C, Berchtold A, Jeannin A, Michaud PA: Some go without a cigarette: characteristics of cannabis users who have never smoked tobacco. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2007, 161:1042-1047.
• [8]Victoir A, Eertmans A, Van den Bergh O, Van den Broucke S: Association of substance-use behaviours and their social-cognitive determinants in secondary school students. Health Educ Res 2007, 22:81-94.
• [9]Guxens M, Nebot M, Ariza C: Age and sex differences in factors associated with the onset of cannabis use: a cohort study. Drug Alcohol Depend 2007, 88:234-243.
• [10]Penetar DM, Kouri EM, Gross MM, McCarthy EM, Rhee CK, Peters EN, Lukas SE: Transdermal nicotine alters some of marijuana's effects in male and female volunteers. Drug Alcohol Depend 2005, 79:211-223.
• [11]Substance Abuse Mental Health Services Administration: Detailed Data Table 2.49B - Tobacco Product Use in Lifetime, Past Year, and Past Month among Persons Aged 18 to 25, by Geographic Characteristics: Percentages, 2008 and 2009. http://oas.samhsa.gov/NSDUH/2k9NSDUH/tabs/Sect2peTabs43to84.htm#Tab2.49B webcite
• [12]Substance Abuse Mental Health Services Administration: Detailed Data Table 1.61B - Illicit Drug Use in Lifetime, Past Year and Past Month among Persons Aged 18 to 25, by Geographic Characteristics: Percentages, 2008 and 2009. http://www.oas.samhsa.gov/NSDUH/2k9NSDUH/tabs/Sect1peTabs47to92.htm#Tab1.61B webcite
• [13]Lord S, Brevard J, Budman S: Connecting to young adults: an online social network survey of beliefs and attitudes associated with prescription opioid misuse among college students. Subst Use Misuse 2011, 46:66-76.
• [14]Sumnall HR, Measham F, Brandt SD, Cole JC: Salvia divinorum use and phenomenology: results from an online survey. J Psychopharmacol 2011, 25:1496-507.
• [15]Hines DA, Douglas EM, Mahmood S: The effects of survey administration on disclosure rates to sensitive items among men: a comparison of an internet panel sample with an RDD telephone sample. Comput Human Behav 2010, 26:1327-1335.
• [16]Schonlau M, Zapert K, Simon LP, Sansad KH, Marcus SM, Adams J, Spranca M, Kan H, Turner R, Berry SH: A comparison between responses from a propensity-weighted web survey and an identical RDD survey. Soc Sci Computer Rev 2004, 22:128-138.
• [17]Cantrell MA, Lupinacci P: Methodological issues in online data collection. J Adv Nurs 2007, 60:544-549.
• [18]Rhodes SD, Bowie DA, Hergenrather KC: Collecting behavioural data using the world wide web: considerations for researchers. J Epidemiol Community Health 2003, 57:68-73.
• [19]Lenhart A, Purcell K, Smith A, Zickuhr K: Social Media and Young Adults. Pew Research Center, Washington, DC; 2010.
• [20]Bost ML: A descriptive study of barriers to enrollment in a collegiate health assessment program. J Community Health Nurs 2005, 22:15-22.
• [21]Davies J, McCrae BP, Frank J, Dochnahl A, Pickering T, Harrison B, Zakrzewski M, Wilson K: Identifying male college students’ perceived health needs, barriers to seeking help, and recommendations to help men adopt healthier lifestyles. J Am Coll Health 2000, 48:259-267.
• [22]Ramo DE, Hall SM, Prochaska JJ: Reliability and validity of self-reported smoking in an anonymous online survey with young adults. Health Psychol 2011, 30:693-701.
• [23]Ramo DE, Hall SM, Prochaska JJ: Young adults’ anonymous self-reports of marijuana use online are reliable and valid. Program of the 73rd Annual Meeting of the College on Problems of Drug Dependence; June 18–23, 2011, Hollywood, FL.http://www.cpdd.vcu.edu/Pages/Meetings/Meetings_PDFs/2011Programbook.pdf webcite
• [24]Ramo DE, Hall SM, Prochaska JJ: Reaching young adult smokers through the internet: comparison of three recruitment mechanisms. Nicotine Tob Res 2010, 12:768-775.
• [25]Hall SM, Tsoh JY, Prochaska JJ, Eisendrath S, Rossi JS, Redding CA, Rosen AB, Meisner M, Humfleet GL, Gorecki JA: Treatment for cigarette smoking among depressed mental health outpatients: a randomized clinical trial. Am J Public Health 2006, 96:1808-1814.
• [26]Sobell LC, Sobell MB: Timeline Followback: A Calendar Method for Assessing Alcohol and Drug Use. Addiction Research Foundation, Toronto, Canada; 1996.
• [27]US Census Bureau: Census Regions and Division of the United States. http://www.census.gov/geo/www/us_regdiv.pdf webcite
• [28]University of Washington Rural Health Research Center: Rural/Urban Commuting Areas (RUCA). http://depts.washington.edu/uwruca/ruca-data.php webcite
• [29]Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration: Detailed Data Table 1.26B - Marijuana Use in Lifetime, Past Year, and Past Month among Persons Aged 18 to 25, by Demographic Characteristics: Percentages, 2009 and 2010. http://www.samhsa.gov/data/nsduh/2k10NSDUH/tabs/Sect1peTabs1to46.htm webcite
• [30]Anderson KG, Ramo DE, Cummins K, Brown SA: Alcohol and drug involvement after adolescent treatment and functioning during emerging adulthood. Drug Alcohol Depend 2010, 107:171-181.
• [31]Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA): Table 1.66B - Marijuana Use in Lifetime, Past Year, and Past Month among Persons Aged 18 to 25, by Geographic Characteristics: Percentages, 2009–2010. http://oas.samhsa.gov/NSDUH/2k10NSDUH/tabs/Sect1peTabs1to46.htm#Tab1.26B webcite
• [32]Copersino ML, Boyd SJ, Tashkin DP, Huestis MA, Heishman SJ, Dermand JC, Simmons MS, Gorelick DA: Quitting among non-treatment-seeking marijuana users: reasons and changes in other substance use. Am J Addict 2006, 15:297-302.
• [33]Ramo DE, Liu H, Prochaska JJ: Reliability and validity of young adults' anonymous online reports of marijuana use and thoughts about use. Psychol Addict BehavNovember 14, 2011 [Epub ahead of print]
• [34]McCabe SE, Boyd CJ, Couper MP, Crawford S, D'Arcy H: Mode effects for collecting alcohol and other drug use data: web and US mail. J Stud Alcohol 2002, 63:755-761.
• [35]Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration: Results from the 2010 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Summary of National Findings. http://oas.samhsa.gov/NSDUH/2k10NSDUH/2k10Results.htm webcite
• [36]US Department of Health and Human Services: How Tobacco Smoke Causes Disease: The Biology and Behavioral Basis for Smoking-Attributable Disease: A Report of the Surgeon General. National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health, Atlanta, GA; 2010.
• [37]Nixon PJ: Health effects of marijuana: a review. Pac Health Dialog 2006, 13:123-129.
• [38]Iyalomhe GB: Cannabis abuse and addiction: a contemporary literature review. Niger J Med 2009, 18:128-133.
• [39]Ramo DE, Liu H, Prochaska JJ: Tobacco and marijuana use among adolescents and young adults: a systematic review of their co-use. Clin Psychol Rev 2012, 32:105-121.
• [40]White A, Kavanagh D, Stallman H, Klein B, Kay-Lambkin F, Proudfoot J, Drennan J, Connor J, Baker A, Hines E, Young R: Online alcohol interventions: a systematic review. J Med Internet Res 2010, 12:e62.