China's 2009 new regulations on sex-change operations were passed with the stated intention of protecting patients. These regulations offer the only path to legal gender change on ID documents, becoming a necessary condition to be fulfilled before participating in legal, public, and heteronormative institutions such as marriage, family, and adoption. Looking at the relationship between Chinese media discourse on transgender before and after the formation and promulgation of the 2009 sex-change regulations suggests the construction of a legal, heteronormative transgender man, often at the cost of constituting other expressions of transgender as sexually deviant and morally corrupting forces that threaten Chinese society. From transgender celebrities in the media to online public "accusations" of lesbianism, I examine both state and social media discourse on transgender, revealing a complex and dynamic relationship between law, filial piety, and gender in contemporary China.
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Sons, husbands, and lovers: marriage, filial piety, and transgender men in Chinese media