There are thousands of rickettsial,viral, bacterial, protozoan, and metazoan parasites thatcause disease in farmed aquatic animals. While the basics offarm-level disease management are known, theinterconnectedness among aquaculture installations andbetween aquaculture and the external environment means thatonly a few careless farms can ruin an industry. Consideringthe gravity and frequency of fish disease outbreaks,guidelines on the development and implementation of nationalpolicies for their prevention, detection, and management areurgently needed. Hampering this is the lack of acomprehensive overview of the practical ways and means ofregulating aquaculture that will permit both governments andaqua culturists to: (1) calculate the cost-benefit ratio ofinvestments in disease control, and (2) find acost-effective strategy for the implementation of bestpractices. The study is based on review of published andunpublished data supplied by the Chilean, Vietnamese,Malagasy, and Mozambican authorities, researchers, and localaquaculture investors and other stakeholders. The selectionof case studies was guided by the need to explore diseaseoutbreaks in a range of geographical and industrialdevelopment scenarios. The three case studies capture thebreadth and depth of experience among farmers andgovernments confronted with catastrophic disease outbreaksin aquaculture. The overarching lesson is that successfulaquaculture depends on the capacity of biological systems tosupport it. Defining the capacities of bodies of water isessential in order to regulate the number of farms and toset limits on the maximum production in farming areas.
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