The prime objective of this study is toreview the effectiveness of rural water supply schemes indifferent states in India. A total of 10 states have beencovered in the study: Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala,Maharashtra, Orissa, Punjab, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh,Uttarakhand, and West Bengal. The study explores the extentto which expenditure on rural water supply has beeneffective in providing access to safe water to ruralhouseholds in India. This has been assessed in terms oftheir reliability and adequacy, affordability, andsustainability. In addition, the study examines in detailthe capital and Operation and Maintenance (O&M) cost andthe extent of cost recovery in rural water supply schemes.In order to explore the effectiveness of rural water supplyschemes, the study looks at the extent to which expenditureon rural water supply under various government programs getstranslated into water supply infrastructure and services.This is based on an analysis of the flow of funds,institutional costs, support Organization/non-governmentorganization (NGO) costs, and other costs associated withthe programs, as well as an assessment of direct andindirect subsidies for rural water supply. Some of thequestions this study seeks to address are: What are thecoping strategies adopted and coping costs borne by ruralhouseholds arising out of the inadequacies/limitations ofthe current services? How strong is the household demand forservice improvement, as reflected in their willingness topay for improved services? What are affordable paymentlevels for improved services?
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