Indigenous Latin America in theTwenty-First Century : The First Decade

World Bank Group

关键词: ECONOMIC GROWTH;    GENDER;    HEALTHCARE;    INDIGENOUS PEOPLES;    NATURAL RESOURCES;   

RP-ID  :  98544

学科分类：社会科学、人文和艺术（综合）

来源: World Bank Open Knowledge Repository

【 摘 要 】

In 2013 the World Bank set itself twoambitious goals: to end extreme poverty within a generationand to boost the prosperity of the bottom 40 percent of thepopulation worldwide. In Latin America, the significance ofboth goals cannot be overstated. Indigenous people accountfor about 8 percent of the population, but represent 14percent of the poor and over 17 percent of all LatinAmericans living on less than United States (U.S.) $2.50 aday. Though the World Bank has chosen two general indicatorsfor measuring progress toward its twin goals - theproportion of people living on less than U.S. $1.25 a day(purchasing power parity, 2005) and the growth of realcapital income among the bottom 40 percent of the population- this report acknowledges that these indicators offer onlya partial view of the obstacles preventing many indigenouspeoples from achieving their chosen paths of development.The report notes that in Bolivia, Quechua women are 28percent less likely to complete secondary school than anonindigenous Bolivian woman, while Quechua men are 14percent less likely to complete secondary school thannon-indigenous men. This report seeks to contribute to thesediscussions by offering a brief, preliminary glance at thestate of indigenous peoples in Latin America at the end ofthe first decade of the millennium. The authors believe thatthis is the first, necessary step to start working on aconcerted and evidence-based agenda for subsequent work incritical areas of development such as education, health, andland rights. The report makes a critical analysis of themany inconsistencies present in much of the data, which inmany cases are intrinsic to the difficulties of approachingindigenous issues with tools and data sets not originallyintended to account for or include indigenous peoples’voices and special needs. The report is divided into sixsections. The first part, how many and where they areprovides a demographic overview of indigenous people in theregion, including population, geographic distribution,number of ethnic groups, and indigenous languages. Thesecond section, mobility, migration, and urbanizationdescribes a growing tendency among indigenous people tomigrate to Latin American cities, which are becomingcritical, though largely ignored, areas for politicalparticipation, and market articulation. The third section,development with identity briefly discusses the concept ofpoverty and reflects on how the use of predominantly Westernindicators of well-being might condition the understandingof indigenous peoples’ situations and needs. The fourth andfifth sections broaden this argument by focusing on twoparticular instances of exclusion - the market and education.