This report assesses existing mobileapplication (app) business models targeted at, or suitablefor, people living at the base of the pyramid (BoP). Thereport addresses specific pain points for app developers andprovides practical, actionable advice. Its recommendationsare specific to each of the four countries: Ghana,Mozambique, Nigeria, and Zambia. While assessing the appmarkets in the four countries, it became clear that there isa wide range of business models. Each business model isunique to the sector and to the business problem the app isattempting to address. This report focuses on three areascommon to all business models to provide maximum value forapp developers. This report also presents a brief assessmentof app incubators or hubs. These incubators play asignificant role in supporting and advocating apps. However,this role is often only partially realized and this reportmakes recommendations to address this.