Trends in the Education Sectorfrom 1993–98

Nga Nguyet Nguyen

World Bank, Washington, DC

关键词: ACHIEVEMENT;    ADDITIONAL RESOURCES;    AGE GROUP;    AGED;    BASIC EDUCATION;   

DOI  :  10.1596/1813-9450-2891
RP-ID  :  WPS2891

学科分类：社会科学、人文和艺术（综合）

来源: World Bank Open Knowledge Repository

【 摘 要 】

Vietnam has achieved remarkably highrates of school enrollment and has maintained good socialindicators (infant and under-five mortality rates, lifeexpectancy, fertility rate, child nutrition, and access tobasic services) compared to other countries with similar lowincome per capita. The author documents and analyzes changesin enrollment and education finance in Vietnam from 1993-98.Enrollment rates increased substantially, but the increaseswere not equally spread across different income groups,regions, gender, and ethnic groups. The higher the level ofeducation, the larger the gap in school enrollment amongdifferent socioeconomic groups. Although school fees were nolonger compulsory at the primary level, households paid formany other school-related items, such as books, uniforms,private tutors, lunch, and transportation. These costs are asignificant financial burden on the poor. On the other hand,there is considerable variation in public spending perstudent across regions that, when coupled with variation inenrollment rates across regions, resulted in a not pro-poorpublic spending pattern, although public spending on primaryeducation was neutral in 1998. Finally, the authorinvestigates whether rates of return to education in theprivate wage sector changed in the 1990s. She concludes thatreturns to schooling increased substantially between 1992-93and 1997-98, especially at the upper secondary education anduniversity levels.