Businesses especially small ones oftenface heavy costs in the process of preparing, filing, andpaying taxes in addition to the burden of tax payments.These compliance costs, added to fines, penalties, and therisks of onerous inspections and demands for bribes, oftendeter business creation and growth in developing andtransition countries. A tax compliance cost survey canprovide useful information for the design of reforms toreduce compliance costs and risks for small businesses. Thisnote highlights key findings of tax compliance cost surveysconducted in South Africa, the Republic of Yemen, Ukraine,and Peru that measured the burdens on business. Thesesurveys helped fine-tune the design of reforms to lowercosts for businesses and improve their competitiveness.