In recent years, China has dramaticallyscaled up its response to the HIV/AIDS epidemic. Key stepsinclude the establishment of HIV prevention and control as apriority in the 11th National Five-Year Development Plan(2006-2010), the development of a comprehensive policyframework for HIV/AIDS prevention treatment and care(reflected in the Five-Year action Plan to Control HIV/AIDS2006-2010), and in March 2006, the issuance of the firstlegislation directly aimed at controlling HIV/AIDS(Regulations on AIDS prevention and treatment., Decree ofthe State Council No. 457). Under this framework, China hasimplemented a number of innovative harm reduction andprevention interventions and significantly strengthened itsepidemiological and behavioral surveillance system. Inaddition, the government has launched a major treatment,care and support initiative (the Four Free and One Care) forpoor rural and urban patients. These measures have beenaccompanied by firm demonstrations of commitment to fightingAIDS by key Chinese leaders.