How can recent Bank-led research ondevelopment, security and conflict inform policy choices inMiddle East and North Africa (MENA)? The Arab spring haspresented a level of protest and political transition in theregion not seen since the fall of the Ottoman Empire and theend of the colonization period in the middle of thetwentieth century. However, research shows that leadershipchanges in MENA have often been followed for a couple ofyears by the heightened risk of conflict and violence asnewly-arrived regimes and citizenries attempt to asserttheir authority and rights. This quick Note considers thatquestion from the perspective of the 2011 World DevelopmentReport (WDR) on 'conflict, security, anddevelopment' and a complementary regional Bank study.