School autonomy and accountability aretwo components of School-Based Management (SBM) thatcomplement each other to increase the operational andpedagogical efficiency of schools. If schools have enoughoperational autonomy to manage their financial and humanresources, then they can become accountable to theirclients, namely their students and their families and, as aresult, increase the probability of improving studentlearning (Barrera, Fasih and Patrinos, 2009). Since SBMencompasses diverse practices and policies applied indifferent forms in many countries in the world, the WorldBank has initiated the design of SBM indicators that couldbe of use to governments to identify and implement practicesand policies that increase autonomy and accountability and,by inference, induce the education system to produce betterlearning outcomes (World Bank, 2007; Patrinos, 2010).
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