Thailand, an upper-middle-income countrywith a population of 69.5 million in 2012, achieved itshealth-related Millennium Development Goals by the early2000s. The health care delivery system has receivedsignificant investments in the past three or four decadesand now offers extensive health infrastructure coverage thatreaches even the most rural and remote areas, in a publiclydominated health system. However, ensuring equity among thethree main public insurance programs and assuring fiscalsustainability are the major challenges facing the current system.