In the mid-1990s, various organizationsconcerned with agricultural development in northern Ghanasought ways to promote joint research, extension, advocacyand learning with farmers as equal partners. They weredisillusioned with the conventional agriculturalmodernization and transfer-of technology approach which allof them had tried to implement but with little success. Theyhad recognized the need to build on the indigenous knowledge(IK) and initiatives of smallholder farmers in order todevelop LEISA (Low-External-Input and SustainableAgriculture) technologies and to strengthen farmers'capacities to interact with formal research and development (R&D).